B1 — 29-dars: Articles — chuqur (a / an / the / zero)

B1 — O'RTA · 29-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ingliz tilining o'zbeklar uchun eng qiyin mavzusini chuqurlashtiramiz: artikllar (a / an / the / artiklsiz). O'zbek tilida artikl yo'q, shuning uchun bu — eng ko'p, eng doimiy xato qilinadigan soha. A1-7,8 da asosini ko'rgandingiz; bugun to'liq tizimni beramiz.

I saw a dog. The dog was huge. (Bir it ko'rdim. O'sha it bahaybat edi.) The sun (yagona), a doctor (kasb), I like music (umumiy — artiklsiz), the USA (maxsus), go to bed (qat'iy ibora).

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Har gapda: ingliz tilida deyarli har ot oldida artikl tanlovi bor — a, the yoki hech narsa.
• Native ohang: artikl xatosi — o'zbek/rus aksentining eng katta belgisi. To'g'ri artikl — ravon nutq.
• Yozuvda muhim: rasmiy xat, esse, hujjatda artikl xatosi darrov ko'rinadi.

Asosiy tushuncha — uch savol: ot oldida artikl tanlash — uch savolga javob:

1. Sanaladimi va birlikmi? Ha artikl kerak (a/the). Ko'plik/sanalmaydigan ko'pincha artiklsiz yoki the.
2. Aniqmi (tinglovchi qaysini biladimi)? Ha the. Yo'q (yangi/noaniq) a/an.
3. Umumiy (umuman, jins haqida)mi? Ha ko'pincha artiklsiz (ko'plik/sanalmaydigan).

O'xshatish: artikl — "ko'rsatkich belgi": a/an — "bittasi, qaysidir" (yangi, noaniq — barmoq bilan ko'rsatib bo'lmaydi). the — "aynan o'sha" (ikkalang ham bilasiz — barmoq bilan ko'rsatib bo'ladi). Artiklsiz — "umuman" (butun turkum/modda). O'zbekda: bir it (a), o'sha it (the), itlar (zero).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-7 (a/an): a book, an apple — birinchi tilga olish.
• A1-8 (the): the sun, the book — aniq.
• A2-13 (sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan): artikl tanlashda asosiy.
• A1-9 (ko'plik): ko'plik + artiklsiz (umumiy).
• Tez mashq: a/an/the/—? "I saw ___ cat. ___ cat was black" (a, The); "I like ___ music" (—).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. a/an — birinchi marta, bittasi (noaniq)

a/an = "bir, bittasi, qaysidir" (sanaladigan birlik, yangi/noaniq):

Birinchi marta tilga olish:  I bought a car. (qaysi — muhim emas, yangi)
Ko'pdan biri:  She's a teacher. (kasb — A1-7)
Umuman bittasi:  Can you pass me a pen? (har qanday qalam)

a — undosh tovush oldidan (a book, a university /j/); an — unli tovush oldidan (an apple, an hour /h/ jim). Tovushga qarab (harfga emas): a university (yu-), an honest man (h jim).

a/an — to'rt asosiy vazifasi (o'zbek uchun batafsil):

1. Yangi / birinchi marta: tinglovchi hali bilmagan narsani birinchi bor tilga olganda — I have a question. (Bir savolim bor.) O'zbekchada aynan shu ma'noni ko'pincha "bir" so'zi beradi.
2. "Bittasi" (sanaladigan birlik): There's a pen on the table. (Stolda bitta qalam bor.) a/an faqat sanaladigan birlik bilan keladi — sanalmaydigan (water, music, information, advice) yoki ko'plik (books) bilan ishlatilmaydi.
3. Kasb / rol / tur: kim yoki nima ekanini aytganda — She's a nurse. It's a good idea. (A1-7.)
4. Umumiy vakil (butun turkumdan istalgan bittasi): A dog needs exercise. (It — ya'ni istalgan har qanday it — harakatga muhtoj.) Bu yerda a dog ≈ "har qanday it".

Eng katta o'zbek xatosi: kasb yoki "bir narsa"ni aytganda a/an ni butunlay tushirib qoldirish: He is doctor. I have car. It is problem. He is a doctor. I have a car. It is a problem. Sababi: o'zbekcha "U shifokor / Mashinam bor / Bu muammo" gaplarida artikl umuman yo'q, shuning uchun avtomatik tushirib qolamiz. Sanaladigan birlik oldida artikl majburiy.

3.2. the — aniq (ikkalasi ham biladi)

the = "aynan o'sha" — tinglovchi qaysini bilganda:

1) Ikkinchi marta (avval aytilgan):  I saw a dog. The dog barked.
2) Yagona/noyob:  the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the internet
3) Kontekstdan aniq:  Can you close the door? (shu xonadagi)
4) Superlative/ordinal:  the best, the first, the only
5) of bilan:  the capital of France, the end of the film
6) Ma'lum guruh:  the rich, the police, the government

the — "biz ikkalamiz bilgan narsa". Yangi a; tanish/aniq the. ("I saw a film. The film was great.")

3.3. Zero article (artiklsiz) — umumiy ma'no

Ko'plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot umumiy ma'noda artiklsiz:

Umumiy (jins/modda):  I like music. Dogs are loyal. Coffee is popular.
                       Children need love. Water is essential.

Eng muhim qoida: "I like music" (umuman musiqa — artiklsiz) vs "the music in the film" (aniq — the). Umumiy ko'plik/sanalmaydigan artiklsiz; aniq the.

text

I like coffee. (umuman — zero)  |  The coffee here is great. (aniq — the)
Cars are expensive. (umuman)    |  The cars in the showroom... (aniq)

Yana artiklsiz keladigan turkumlar (o'zbek uchun muhim):

• Atoq otlar: shaxs ismi, shahar, oddiy mamlakat — John, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (artiklsiz). Faqat ko'plik/uyushma nomlar the bilan (the USA — 3.4).
• Til, fan, sport, ovqat nomlari: I speak English. I study biology. I play chess. I had lunch. — bularning oldida artikl yo'q.
• Kasalliklar: ko'pchilik kasallik artiklsiz — I have flu / diabetes / cancer. Ba'zilari esa a bilan: a cold, a headache, a sore throat (nusxasi bor, sanaladigan). (the) flu — the bilan ham, artiklsiz ham to'g'ri.
• Mavhum (abstract) otlar — umumiy ma'noda: Love is powerful. Time is money. Knowledge is important. (umuman artiklsiz). Lekin aniqlashtirilsa — the: the love of a mother.

3.4. the bilan geografik nomlar

the BILAN: the USA, the UK, the Netherlands (ko'plik/uyushma mamlakatlar),
  the Atlantic, the Nile, the Alps (daryolar, dengizlar, tog' tizmalari),
  the Sahara, the Middle East
the'SIZ: France, Japan, Uzbekistan (oddiy mamlakatlar), Paris, Tashkent (shaharlar),
  Mount Everest (alohida tog'), Lake Baikal (ko'l), Asia (qit'a)

Qoida: ko'plik/uyushma the (the USA, the UAE); daryo/dengiz/tog' tizmasi the (the Nile, the Andes); oddiy mamlakat/shahar/ko'l/alohida tog' artiklsiz.

3.5. Qat'iy iboralar (fixed phrases)

ARTIKLSIZ (qat'iy):  go to bed/school/work/church/prison (maqsad bilan),
  at home, at night, by car/bus/train, on foot, have breakfast/lunch/dinner,
  in bed, at school (o'quvchi sifatida)
the BILAN:  in the morning/afternoon/evening, the cinema, the same,
  on the radio, play the piano/guitar

go to bed (uxlash uchun) ≠ go to the bed (jismoniy karavotga). at school (o'qish) ≠ at the school (binoda). Maqsad artiklsiz.

"in hospital" ≠ "in the hospital" — nozik, lekin muhim farq: Bir qancha joy oti maqsad/holat ma'nosida artiklsiz, aynan bino ma'nosida esa the bilan keladi:

text

in hospital  — kasal bo'lib davolanayotgan (holat)  |  in the hospital — bino ichida (masalan, ishlayapti)
in prison    — mahkum bo'lib o'tirgan (holat)        |  in the prison   — qamoqxona binosida (tashrifchi)
at school    — o'quvchi sifatida (o'qish maqsadi)    |  at the school   — maktab binosida (masalan, ota-ona)

My father is in hospital. (Otam kasalxonada — davolanyapti.) The nurse works in the hospital near my house. (Hamshira uyimga yaqin kasalxona binosida ishlaydi.) Diqqat: bu — Britaniya inglizchasi qoidasi. Amerika inglizchasida odatda har doim in the hospital deyiladi (holatda ham). Qolgan iboralar (in prison, at school) ikkalasida ham bir xil.

3.6. Generic — uch yo'l (umumiy turkum)

"Mushuk (umuman, butun tur)" — uch xil:

Cats are independent.        (ko'plik — eng tabiiy, umumiy)
A cat is independent.         (a + birlik — har qanday bitta)
The cat is independent.       (the + birlik — turkum/ilmiy uslub)

Umumiy turkum uchun ko'plik (artiklsiz) eng tabiiy: "Dogs are loyal." (the + birlik — ilmiy/rasmiy: "The dog is a loyal animal.")

3.7. Kasb, ovqat, til, sport, fan

kasb  a/an: She's an engineer. (A1-7)
til/fan/sport  artiklsiz: I study English. I play football. I like history.
ovqat  artiklsiz: I had lunch. Breakfast is ready.
musiqa asbobi  the: I play the piano. (lekin "play football" — sportda the yo'q)

3.8. Tez qaror sxemasi

Ot oldida 
 ├─ Aniqmi (qaysi biri ma'lum)?  THE
 ├─ Sanaladigan + birlik + yangi/noaniq?  A/AN
 ├─ Ko'plik/sanalmaydigan + umumiy?  (artiklsiz)
 └─ Qat'iy ibora / geografik?  qoidaga qara (bedzero, USAthe)

3.9. Qaror jadvali (bir qarashda)

Mini-mashq (darrov o'zingizni tekshiring): bo'sh joyga a / an / the / — qo'ying: 1. I need ___ umbrella. 2. ___ Everest is ___ highest mountain. 3. We had ___ dinner at ___ home. 4. He plays ___ violin in ___ orchestra. 5. ___ honesty is ___ best policy.

Javoblar: 1. an umbrella (unli tovush). 2. — Everest (alohida tog') / the highest (superlative). 3. — dinner (ovqat nomi) / — home (qat'iy ibora). 4. the violin (musiqa asbobi) / an orchestra. 5. — honesty (mavhum, umumiy) / the best (superlative). (Honesty is the best policy — mashhur maqol.)

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

a/an: I need a holiday. / She's an artist.
the: Close the window. / the best day of my life / the sun
zero (umumiy): Life is short. / I love books. / Honesty matters.
geografik: I'm from Uzbekistan. / We sailed across the Atlantic.
qat'iy: I go to work by bus. / See you in the morning.
generic: Children learn fast. / A smartphone is useful.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

a  /ə/ "ə" (zaif), an  /ən/ "ən"
the  /ðə/ "ðə" (undosh oldidan), /ðiː/ "ði" (unli oldidan!): the apple  "ði-apl"
"a university"  "ə-yu:nivö:siti" (a — chunki /j/)   "an hour"  "ən-auə" (h jim)

Native siri: the — unli oldidan "ði" (the end "ði-end"), undosh oldidan "ðə" (the book "ðə-buk"). a/an tovushga qarab (a uniform, an honour). Artikllar doim zaif, urg'usiz.

Topshiriq (shadowing): "a car, the car, the apple (ði), an hour, I like music" ni sekin va ravon ayting; the apple = "ði-apl". the — unli oldidan "ði" (the end), undosh oldidan "ðə" (the book) bo'lishiga alohida e'tibor bering. Artikllar doim urg'usiz, zaif talaffuz qilinadi.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• in the morning / at night — vaqt (the/zero farqi).
• go to work / go home — (artiklsiz!).
• on the one hand… on the other hand… — "bir tomondan… ikkinchi…".
• the more the better — (B1-28).
• all the best — "omad tilayman."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — kundalik (articles):

A: What did you do at the weekend? — Dam olish kunlari nima qilding?
B: I stayed at home, mostly. I read a really good book. — Asosan uyda qoldim. Juda yaxshi kitob o'qidim.
A: Oh? What was the book about? — Ha? Kitob nima haqida edi?
B: It's about a scientist who travels through time. The ending was amazing. — Vaqt bo'ylab sayohat qiladigan olim haqida. Yakuni ajoyib edi.
A: Sounds great. I prefer films to books, honestly. — Zo'r ekan. Rostini aytsam, men kitobdan ko'ra filmni afzal ko'raman.
B: Fair enough. By the way, are you still learning the guitar? — Mayli. Aytgancha, hali gitara o'rganyapsanmi?
A: Yes! Music helps me relax after work. — Ha! Musiqa ishdan keyin dam olishimga yordam beradi.
B: That's wonderful. Life is better with a hobby, isn't it? — Ajoyib. Sevimli mashg'ulot bilan hayot yaxshiroq, shundaymi?

O'qish matni — "A walk to remember" (articles aralash):

Last summer, I travelled to the south of the country for the first time. — O'tgan yozi, birinchi marta mamlakatning janubiga sayohat qildim.
I stayed in a small village near the mountains. — Tog'lar yaqinidagi kichik qishloqda qoldim.
Every morning, I would walk to a lake at the edge of the forest. — Har tong, o'rmon chetidagi ko'lga borardim.
The water was so clear that you could see the fish. — Suv shunchalik tiniq ediki, baliqlarni ko'rsa bo'lardi.
Life there was simple: people grew vegetables, kept animals, and helped each other. — U yerda hayot oddiy edi: odamlar sabzavot yetishtirardi, hayvon boqardi va bir-biriga yordam berardi.
The villagers told me that happiness isn't about money. — Qishloq aholisi menga baxt pul haqida emasligini aytdi.
By the end of the trip, I understood what they meant. — Sayohat oxiriga kelib, ular nimani nazarda tutganini tushundim.

Topshiriq: matnda har artiklni (a, the, —) topib, nega o'sha (yangi/aniq/umumiy) ekanini ayting. So'ng o'z sayohat/kuningiz haqida 6 gap yozing — artikllarga diqqat qiling.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Artikl tushirib qoldirish (eng katta xato!): I bought car. She's teacher. I have question. I bought a car. She's a teacher. I have a question. (sanaladigan birlik artikl shart!).

• Umumiy ma'noda the: I like the music. The dogs are loyal (umuman ma'noda). I like music. Dogs are loyal. (umumiy artiklsiz!).

• the tushirib (aniq/yagona): Sun is hot. Close door. The sun is hot. Close the door. (yagona/aniq the).

• a + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan: a books, a water, a information. books / some water / information (a — faqat sanaladigan birlik).

• Qat'iy iborada artikl: go to the bed, go to the work, in the home. go to bed, go to work, at home (qat'iy ibora artiklsiz).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. a, an, the yoki — (artiklsiz)?

1. I saw ___ accident. ___ accident was serious.
2. ___ sun rises in ___ east.
3. I love ___ music, but I don't like ___ music in this café.
4. She's ___ honest person.

Mashq 2. Geografik / qat'iy:

1. I'm from ___ Uzbekistan. (—/the)
2. We crossed ___ Atlantic. (the/—)
3. I go to ___ work by ___ bus. (—/the)
4. See you in ___ morning. (the/—)

Mashq 3. Umumiy (zero) yoki aniq (the)?

1. ___ children learn quickly. (umuman)
2. ___ children in this class are clever. (aniq)
3. ___ life is short. (umuman)

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I bought car., I like the music. (umuman), Sun is hot., go to the bed, a information.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Bir it ko'rdim. O'sha it katta edi. = ___
2. Musiqani yoqtiraman. (umuman) = ___
3. Quyosh qizdi. = ___
4. Ishga avtobusda boraman. = ___
5. U shifokor. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — a/the/zero:

"I have ___ idea."  "I have an idea."
"___ moon is bright."  "The moon is bright."
"I like ___ coffee." (umuman)  "I like coffee."

Drill B — ikkinchi marta (a the):

"I saw ___ film. ___ film was ___ ."

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"I live in ___ ." "I work as ___ ." "I like ___ (umumiy hobbi)."

Model javoblar (Drill C): I live in Tashkent. I work as a developer. I like reading / music. So'ng o'zingiz 5 gap tuzing (a/the/zero aralash) va ovoz chiqarib ayting; har bir gapda artikl tanlovingizni (nega a / the / artiklsiz) o'zingizga izohlab bering.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. an / The · 2. The / the · 3. music / the · 4. an. Mashq 2: 1. — (Uzbekistan) · 2. the · 3. — work / — bus · 4. the. Mashq 3: 1. — (Children) · 2. The · 3. — (Life). Mashq 4: I bought a car. / I like music. / The sun is hot. / go to bed / information (some information). Mashq 5: 1. I saw a dog. The dog was big. · 2. I like music. · 3. The sun is hot. · 4. I go to work by bus. · 5. She's a doctor.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

a/an = yangi, noaniq, sanaladigan BIRLIK: I saw a dog. / She's a doctor.
  (a + undosh tovush, an + unli tovush — tovushga qarab!)
the = aniq (2-marta / yagona / superlative / of bilan): The sun. The best.
(artiklsiz) = umumiy ko'plik/sanalmaydigan: I like music. Dogs are loyal.
   I like coffee (umuman) ≠ The coffee here (aniq)
geografik: the USA/the Nile/the Alps (the) | Japan/Paris/Everest (zero)
qat'iy: go to bed/work/home, at night, by bus (zero) | in the morning (the)
 O'zbekda artikl YO'Q  eng katta xato artiklni tushirib qoldirish!

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. a/an (yangi, sanaladigan birlik); the (aniq); artiklsiz (umumiy).
2. I like music (umuman) ≠ the music (aniq).
3. Geografik: the USA/Nile vs Japan/Everest.
4. Qat'iy: go to bed, by bus (artiklsiz).
5. O'zbekda artikl yo'q tushirib qoldirmang!

Bog'lanish: artikllar — yozma va og'zaki nutqning asosi (va eng qiyin qismi). Keyingi dars quantifiers review + all/most/none/each/every — miqdor so'zlarini yakunlaydi. So'ng adverblar review (B1-31) va B1 grammatikasining oxirgi qismlari.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 30-dars: Quantifiers review + all / most / none / each / every / whole. "hammasi (all), ko'pchiligi (most), hech biri (none), har biri (each/every)" — miqdor so'zlarining to'liq tizimi.

Bu darsni mustahkamlab, tayyor bo'lganingizda keyingi darsga o'tasiz.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (articles, Units 69–78); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (articles: a/an, the, zero); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Articles".