B1 — 31-dars: Sifat & ravish review + degree adverbs + sifat tartibi

B1 — O'RTA · 31-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda sifat va ravishlarni chuqurlashtiramiz: ularning farqini takrorlab, daraja ravishlari (very, quite, absolutely, a bit), gradable/non-gradable sifatlar, va sifat tartibini (a nice big old house) o'rganasiz. Bu — tasvirlashni aniq va boy qiladi.

It's really good. (Juda yaxshi.) I'm absolutely exhausted. (Butunlay holdan toyganman.) It's quite cold. (Ancha sovuq.) A beautiful old wooden table. (Chiroyli eski yog'och stol.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• His/baho (kundalik): "It's really nice." "I'm absolutely sure." "It's a bit expensive."
• Aniq tasvir: sifatlar tartibi — "a small black leather bag" (tasodifiy emas!).
• Nutqni boyitish: very dan tashqari (extremely, fairly, pretty) — ifodali nutq.

Asosiy tushuncha — daraja va tartib: ikki asosiy g'oya:

1. Daraja ravishlari sifat/ravishning kuchini o'zgartiradi: a bit cold < quite cold < very cold < absolutely freezing.
2. Sifat tartibi — bir nechta sifat birga kelganda, ular ma'lum tartibda turadi (fikr o'lcham yosh rang material): "a nice small old red Italian car".

O'xshatish: daraja ravishlari — "ovoz balandligi tugmasi": a bit (sekin) quite (o'rta) very (baland) absolutely (eng baland). Sifat tartibi — "qatlamlar": fikr eng tashqarida (nice), material otga eng yaqin (wooden) — nice big old wooden table.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-19 (sifat + ot): a big house. Bugun — ko'p sifat tartibi.
• A2-21 (ravishlar — tarz): quickly, well — sifat vs ravish farqi.
• A2-25 (-ed/-ing sifatlar): bored/boring.
• B1-23 (so/too/enough): daraja — bog'liq.
• Tez mashq: sifat ravish: quick ?, good ?, careful ? (quickly, well, carefully).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Sifat vs ravish — qisqa review

SIFAT — otni ta'riflaydi (qanday?):  a quick car, She is careful.
RAVISH — fe'lni ta'riflaydi (qanday qilib?):  He drives quickly. She works carefully.
Yasalishi: sifat + -ly  ravish (quickquickly, carefulcarefully)
NOTO'G'RI: good  well, fast  fast, hard  hard

She's a careful driver. (sifat + ot)  |  She drives carefully. (fe'l + ravish)
He's a good cook. (sifat)  |  He cooks well. (ravish — NOT "goodly"!)

-ly qo'shish imlosi (ravish yasash):

qoida	misol
odatda + ly	quick quickly, slow slowly
-y -ily	happy happily, easy easily
undosh + le -ly	gentle gently, terrible terribly
-ic -ically	automatic automatically, basic basically

Istisnolar: true truly, full fully, whole wholly, due duly.

well — ikki vazifa: (1) good ning ravishi (fe'lni ta'riflaydi): "He sings well." (yaxshi kuylaydi). (2) SIFAT bo'lib "sog'lom, durust" ma'nosini beradi: "I don't feel well today." (bugun o'zimni yaxshi his qilmayapman), "Are you well?" (sog'-salomatmisiz?). Shu bois javobda "I'm good" (kayfiyatim yaxshi) va "I'm well" (sog'man) — ikkalasi ham to'g'ri.

3.2. Daraja ravishlari (degree adverbs) — kuch shkalasi

ZAIF  KUCHLI:
  a bit/a little < slightly < fairly < quite < rather < pretty < very < really < extremely

It's a bit cold.       — Bir oz sovuq.
It's fairly good.       — Ancha yaxshi (o'rtacha).
It's quite expensive.   — Ancha qimmat.
It's very/really nice.  — Juda yaxshi.
It's extremely hot.     — Nihoyatda issiq.

pretty (norasmiy) = quite/fairly ("pretty good" — ancha yaxshi). rather — ko'pincha salbiy soya ("rather expensive" — biroz qimmat).

3.3. Gradable vs non-gradable sifatlar — very vs absolutely

GRADABLE (daraja bor): good, cold, big, tired, hot, happy
   very, quite, a bit, extremely bilan:  very cold, a bit tired
NON-GRADABLE / EXTREME (uchi o'zi): freezing, boiling, exhausted, huge, amazing, terrible, impossible
   absolutely, completely, totally bilan (very EMAS!):  absolutely freezing, completely impossible

Eng muhim farq: very cold () lekin "very freezing" () absolutely freezing (). Extreme sifatlar (freezing = juda sovuq) o'zi "very" ma'nosini o'z ichiga oladi, shuning uchun absolutely/completely (very emas).

text

gradable: very tired / very hot / very good
extreme:  absolutely exhausted / absolutely boiling / absolutely brilliant

Gradable extreme juftliklar (yodlang): ko'p oddiy (gradable) sifatning "kuchli/uchi" (extreme) varianti bor. Extreme variantga very EMAS, absolutely/really qo'yiladi:

gradable (very + …)	extreme (absolutely + …)	ma'no
big	huge / enormous	juda katta
small	tiny	juda kichik
good	excellent / wonderful / fantastic	a'lo
bad	terrible / awful / dreadful	dahshatli
cold	freezing	qahraton sovuq
hot	boiling	jazirama issiq
tired	exhausted	holdan toygan
hungry	starving	ochlikdan o'layozgan
surprised	amazed / astonished	hayratda qolgan
angry	furious	g'azablangan
dirty	filthy	juda iflos
interesting	fascinating	maftunkor
frightened	terrified	dahshatga tushgan

Masalan: "I'm not just hungry — I'm absolutely starving!" (Shunchaki och emas — ochlikdan o'layozdim!).

Qaysi ravish qaysi sifat bilan? — daraja ravishlari ikki lagerga bo'linadi:

daraja ravishi	sifat turi	misol
very, extremely, fairly, quite, a bit, rather, pretty	GRADABLE	very tired, pretty good
absolutely, completely, totally, utterly	EXTREME	absolutely exhausted
really	IKKALASI ham	really tired / really exhausted

3.4. quite — ikki ma'no (gradable vs non-gradable)

quite + gradable = "fairly" (ancha, o'rtacha):  It's quite good. (yaxshi, lekin a'lo emas)
quite + non-gradable = "completely" (butunlay):  It's quite impossible. (mutlaqo)

"quite good" (ancha) ≠ "quite amazing" (butunlay ajoyib). Sifat turiga qarab quite ma'nosi o'zgaradi.

3.5. Sifat tartibi (adjective order) — OSASCOMP

Bir nechta sifat birga kelganda, tartib:

1.FIKR (opinion)  2.O'LCHAM (size)  3.YOSH (age)  4.SHAKL (shape) 
5.RANG (colour)  6.KELIB CHIQISH (origin)  7.MATERIAL  8.MAQSAD + OT

a beautiful  small  old  round  black  Italian  leather  bag
 (fikr)      (o'lcham)(yosh)(shakl)(rang)(kelib ch.)(material) (ot)

a nice big house        — chiroyli katta uy (fikr + o'lcham)
a small black leather wallet — kichik qora charm hamyon (o'lcham + rang + material)
a lovely old wooden table    — yoqimli eski yog'och stol (fikr + yosh + material)

Eslatma: odatda 2-3 sifat ishlatiladi (hammasi emas). Fikr (nice/beautiful) eng oldinda; material/maqsad otga eng yaqin. (OSASCOMP — eslatma: Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Colour-Origin-Material-Purpose.)

To'liq zanjir (kamdan-kam, lekin tartib aynan shunday): a nice big old round brown wooden table — chiroyli katta eski dumaloq jigarrang yog'och stol (fikr o'lcham yosh shakl rang material ot). Amalda hech kim 6 ta sifatni ketma-ket ishlatmaydi; jadval faqat tartib mantiqini ko'rsatadi.

Qo'shimcha qoidalar: (1) Fikr sifati (nice, lovely, horrible) DOIM faktik sifatlardan (big, old, red) oldin. (2) Bir TURDAGI ikki sifat and yoki vergul bilan bog'lanadi: a black and white photo, a cold, windy day. (3) Son yoki aniqlovchi (two, some, this) hamma sifatdan oldin turadi: these two small red apples.

3.6. -ly = sifat ham (friendly, lovely)

Ba'zi -ly so'zlar — sifat (ravish emas!):

friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly, likely — SIFAT (ravish emas)
  a friendly dog ()  |  "He smiled friendly" ()  "in a friendly way"

friendly/lovely — -ly bilan tugasa ham sifat. Ravish kerak bo'lsa: "in a friendly way".

Yana shunday sifatlar: lively (jonli, jo'shqin), cowardly (qo'rqoq), elderly (keksa), timely (o'z vaqtidagi). Bularga -ly qo'shib ravish yasab bo'lmaydi (friendlily yo'q!) — ravish kerak bo'lsa "in a … way": "She waved in a friendly way."

3.7. Bir xil shaklli sifat va ravish (fast, hard, late, early)

fast, hard, late, early, high — sifat ham, ravish ham (shakl bir xil):
  a fast car (sifat) / He runs fast (ravish — NOT "fastly")
  hard work (sifat) / He works hard (ravish)
 hardly = "deyarli emas" (boshqa ma'no!): I hardly slept. (juda kam uxladim)

3.8. Daraja — so/such va too/enough (23-dars bilan bog'liq)

so va such ham daraja/kuchaytirish vositasi, faqat tuzilmasi farq qiladi:

so + SIFAT/RAVISH:            It's so cold. She runs so fast.
such + (a/an) + SIFAT + OT:   It's such a cold day. They're such nice people.

Ya'ni "so cold" = "such a cold day" (bir xil kuch, boshqa qurilish). too (ortiqcha — salbiy ma'no) very dan farq qiladi: "too cold" = "kerakidan sovuq" (yomon, imkonsiz), "very cold" = shunchaki juda sovuq. enough esa sifat/ravishdan KEYIN turadi: "warm enough" (yetarlicha issiq), "fast enough". Bularning to'liq tahlili — 23-darsda.

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

degree: It's a bit late. / I'm really tired. / That's absolutely amazing.
gradable/extreme: very cold / absolutely freezing | very good / absolutely brilliant
order: a beautiful old painting / a big red bus / a small plastic box
adverb: She speaks English fluently. / He arrived late. / I hardly know her.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

quite /kwaɪt/ "kwayt"   rather /ˈrɑːðə/ "ra:ðə"   absolutely /ˈæbsəluːtli/ "absəlu:tli"
extremely /ɪkˈstriːmli/ "ikstri:mli"   fairly /ˈfeəli/ "feəli"
"a bit cold"  "ə-bit-kould"   "really good"  "riəli-gud"

Native siri: absolutely — javobda "albatta!" ma'nosi ("Absolutely!"). Daraja ravishlari urg'uli bo'ladi (his ko'rsatadi): "It's REALLY good.". quite — BrE da "ancha", AmE da ba'zan "juda".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "It's really good. Absolutely freezing. A nice big house. He works hard." iboralarini ovoz chiqarib, native urg'u bilan takrorlang — daraja ravishlariga (really, absolutely) urg'u bering.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• Absolutely! — "Albatta!" (kuchli rozilik).
• It's a bit much. — "Biroz ortiqcha."
• pretty good — "ancha yaxshi."
• I'm absolutely shattered. — "Butunlay charchadim."
• quite a few — "ancha ko'p."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — taassurot (degree adverbs):

A: How was the concert? — Konsert qanday edi?
B: Absolutely amazing! The band was really tight. — Mutlaqo ajoyib! Guruh juda uyg'un edi.
A: Nice. Was it crowded? — Zo'r. Gavjum edimi?
B: Quite crowded, but not too bad. The venue was pretty big. — Ancha gavjum, lekin yomon emas. Joy ancha katta edi.
A: And the sound? — Ovoz-chi?
B: Extremely good, actually. Though it was absolutely freezing outside afterwards! — Aslida, nihoyatda yaxshi. Garchi keyin tashqarida mutlaqo sovuq edi!
A: I can imagine. I'm a bit jealous, to be honest. — Tasavvur qilaman. Rostini aytsam, biroz hasad qilyapman.
B: You should come next time. It was a lovely little venue with a great atmosphere. — Keyingi safar kelishing kerak. Ajoyib muhitli yoqimli kichik joy edi.

O'qish matni — "The perfect description" (sifat tartibi + degree):

When you describe something well, people can almost see it. — Biror narsani yaxshi tasvirlasangiz, odamlar uni deyarli ko'ra oladi.
Compare "a bag" with "a beautiful small black leather bag." — "Sumka"ni "chiroyli kichik qora charm sumka" bilan solishtiring.
The second one is much more vivid, isn't it? — Ikkinchisi ancha jonliroq, shundaymi?
But be careful — too many adjectives can sound unnatural. — Lekin ehtiyot bo'ling — juda ko'p sifat g'ayritabiiy eshitiladi.
Usually, two or three are quite enough. — Odatda, ikki-uchtasi yetarli.
Also, choose your degree words carefully: "very" for normal adjectives, "absolutely" for extreme ones. — Daraja so'zlarini ham ehtiyotkorlik bilan tanlang: oddiy sifatlar uchun "very", kuchlilari uchun "absolutely".
A good description is not about more words — it's about the right ones. — Yaxshi tasvir ko'proq so'z haqida emas — to'g'ri so'zlar haqida.

Topshiriq: matnda degree ravishlari (quite/much/absolutely) va sifat tartibini belgilang. So'ng atrofingizdagi 5 narsani 2-3 sifat + degree bilan ta'riflang (a beautiful old…, really…, absolutely…).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• very + extreme sifat: very freezing / very exhausted / very amazing. absolutely freezing / absolutely exhausted / absolutely amazing. (extreme absolutely).

• good goodly (ravish): He plays goodly. He plays well. (good well — notog'ri ravish).

• friendly friendly (ravish o'rniga): He smiled friendly. He smiled in a friendly way. (friendly — sifat, ravish emas).

• Sifat tartibi noto'g'ri: a black big bag / an Italian beautiful car. a big black bag / a beautiful Italian car. (fikr/o'lcham rang/kelib chiqish).

• fast fastly: He runs fastly. He runs fast. (fast — sifat ham, ravish ham; -ly yo'q).

• very + o'ta (extreme) sifat: a very huge house / I'm very starving. a huge house / I'm absolutely starving. (huge/starving o'zi kuchli — very olmaydi).

• enough sifatdan OLDIN: enough big / It's not enough warm. big enough / It's not warm enough. (enough — sifat/ravishdan KEYIN).

• lively/lovely ni ravish deb ishlatish: The children played lively. The children were lively. / They played in a lively way. (lively — sifat).

• so va such ni chalkashtirish: It was so a nice day / such cold. It was such a nice day / so cold. (so + sifat; such + a + sifat + ot).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Sifat yoki ravish?

1. She's a ___ (careful / carefully) driver.
2. He drives ___ (careful / carefully).
3. He's a ___ (good / well) singer.
4. She sings ___ (good / well).

Mashq 2. very yoki absolutely?

1. It's ___ cold. (gradable)
2. It's ___ freezing. (extreme)
3. I'm ___ tired. (gradable)
4. I'm ___ exhausted. (extreme)

Mashq 3. Sifatlarni to'g'ri tartibda joylashtiring:

1. (black / a / small / bag)  ___
2. (old / a / beautiful / house)  ___
3. (Italian / a / red / car)  ___

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: very exhausted, He plays goodly., He smiled friendly., a black big bag, He runs fastly.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Juda yaxshi. = ___
2. Butunlay holdan toydim. = ___
3. Ancha sovuq. = ___
4. Chiroyli eski yog'och stol. = ___
5. U yaxshi ovqat pishiradi. (ravish) = ___

Mashq 6. Gradable sifatning extreme juftini yozing:

1. very cold  absolutely ___
2. very tired  absolutely ___
3. very big  absolutely ___
4. very good  absolutely ___
5. very hungry  absolutely ___

Mashq 7. very, really yoki absolutely? (ba'zida bir nechtasi to'g'ri):

1. This soup is ___ delicious. (extreme)
2. She's ___ friendly. (gradable)
3. I'm ___ certain — no doubt at all. (= completely)
4. The film was ___ good. (gradable)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — degree ravish qo'shing:

"It's cold."  "It's a bit / quite / very cold."
"I'm tired." (extreme)  "I'm absolutely exhausted."

Drill B — ta'riflang (2-3 sifat tartibda):

"a (your phone)"  "a nice small black phone"
"a (your city)"  "a ___ ___ city"

Drill C — taassurot (real):

"The film was ___ ." "The weather is ___ ." "I'm ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill C): The film was absolutely brilliant. The weather is quite nice. I'm a bit tired. So'ng 5 narsani degree + sifat tartibi bilan ta'riflang va javoblaringizni ushbu darsdagi qoidalarga solishtirib tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. careful · 2. carefully · 3. good · 4. well. Mashq 2: 1. very · 2. absolutely · 3. very · 4. absolutely. Mashq 3: 1. a small black bag · 2. a beautiful old house · 3. a red Italian car. Mashq 4: absolutely exhausted / He plays well. / He smiled in a friendly way. / a big black bag / He runs fast. Mashq 5: 1. It's very/really good. · 2. I'm absolutely exhausted. · 3. It's quite cold. · 4. A beautiful old wooden table. · 5. He cooks well. Mashq 6: 1. freezing · 2. exhausted · 3. huge/enormous · 4. excellent/wonderful/fantastic · 5. starving. Mashq 7: 1. absolutely (really) · 2. very (really) · 3. absolutely (really) · 4. very/really.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

SIFAT (ot — qanday?) vs RAVISH (fe'l — qanday qilib? +ly): goodwell, fastfast
DARAJA: a bit < quite/fairly < very/really < extremely (gradable)
  absolutely/completely + EXTREME (very EMAS!): absolutely freezing
  gradable: very cold | extreme: absolutely freezing/exhausted/amazing
quite + gradable = ancha | quite + extreme = butunlay
SIFAT TARTIBI: fikr-o'lcham-yosh-shakl-rang-kelib chiqish-material + ot
  a beautiful small old black Italian leather bag
friendly/lovely = SIFAT (ravish emas) | fast/hard = sifat=ravish | hardly ≠ hard

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Sifat (ot) vs ravish (fe'l, +ly); goodwell.
2. Daraja: a bit < quite < very < extremely.
3. absolutely + extreme (very emas!).
4. Sifat tartibi: fikro'lchamrangmaterial.
5. friendly/lovely — sifat; fast/hard — ikkalasi.

Bog'lanish: sifat/ravish — tasvirlashning asosi. Keyingi dars phrasal verbs (kengaytma) — turn on, look after, run out of — fe'l + zarra birikmalari (so'zlashuv inglizchasining yuragi). So'ng verb/adjective + preposition (B1-33).

Keyingi dars — B1 — 32-dars: Phrasal verbs — kengaytirilgan (2). "yoqmoq (turn on), parvarish qilmoq (look after), tugamoq (run out of)" — turlari (separable/inseparable) va keng tarqalgan phrasal verblar.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (adjectives/adverbs, Units 98–101; adjective order Unit 99); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (adjective order; gradable adjectives; intensifiers); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Adverbs of degree".