B1 — 23-dars: so / such / too / enough — daraja va natija

B1 — O'RTA · 23-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda daraja, ortiqlik va yetarlilikni ifodalashni o'rganasiz: so (shunchalik), such (shunday), too (haddan tashqari), enough (yetarli) — hamda ularni natija bilan bog'lash (so… that…, too… to…).

I'm so tired (that I can't think). (Shunchalik charchaganman-ki, o'ylay olmayman.) It was such a good film. (Bu shunday zo'r film edi.) This coffee is too hot (to drink). (Bu kofe ichishga juda issiq.) He isn't old enough (to drive). (U haydashga yetarli katta emas.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• His/baho (kundalik): "It was so good!" "I'm too busy." "That's not good enough."
• Natija/sabab: "It was so cold that we stayed in." "I'm too tired to go out."
• Imkon/yetarlilik: "Is it big enough?" "We have enough time."

Asosiy tushuncha — to'rt "o'lchov so'zi": bu so'zlar darajani o'lchaydi:

• so + sifat/ravish ("shunchalik …"): so big, so quickly.
• such + (a) + sifat + ot ("shunday …"): such a big house.
• too + sifat ("haddan tashqari, ortiqcha — salbiy"): too hot (ichib bo'lmaydigan darajada).
• enough ("yetarli — kerakli darajada"): big enough, enough money.

so/such — kuchaytirish (≈ very, lekin natija bilan); too — ortiqcha (yomon ma'no!); enough — yetarli (kerakli daraja).

O'xshatish: stakanga suv quyishni tasavvur qiling. enough — kerakli sath ("yetarli"). too much — toshib ketdi ("haddan ko'p" — yomon). so — "shunchalik to'ldi-ki…" (natija). too — har doim "ortiqcha, yomon"; enough — "aynan kerakli".

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-14 (too / enough — asosi): too much, enough money. Bugun — chuqurlashtirib + so/such + that.
• A2-10 (sifatlar): big, hot, tired — so/too bilan.
• B1-11 (so…that natija): natija bog'lash.
• A1-19 (sifat + ot): a good film such a good film.
• Tez mashq: so yoki such? "___ tired" (so), "___ a nice day" (such).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. so + sifat/ravish ("shunchalik")

so + sifat yoki ravish (ot YO'Q):

so + sifat:   The film was so good.        — Film shunchalik zo'r edi.
so + ravish:  He drives so fast.            — U shunchalik tez haydaydi.
so much/many: I have so much work.          — Shunchalik ko'p ishim bor.

so — faqat sifat/ravish oldidan (ot oldidan emas!). so much (sanalmaydigan), so many (sanaladigan).

3.2. such + (a/an) + sifat + ot ("shunday")

such + (a/an) + sifat + OT:

such a + sifat + birlik ot:  It was such a good film.    — Shunday zo'r film edi.
such + sifat + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan: They are such kind people. / It was such good food.

so vs such — eng muhim farq:

text

so + sifat (otsiz):     so good, so nice
such + (a) + sifat + OT: such a good film, such nice people

"so good film" () "such a good film" () yoki "so good" (, otsiz). Ot bormi? such. Otsizmi? so.

so / such — to'liq jadval (qaysi holatda qaysi biri?):

Tekshirish yo'li: gapda kuchaytirayotgan so'zdan keyin ot kelsa (film, day, people, food) such; ot kelmasa (faqat sifat/ravish) so. Va such dan keyin birlik sanaladigan ot bo'lsa, oldiga a/an qo'yishni unutmang: such a good film (), such good film ().

Mini-tekshiruv (so yoki such?): "It was ___ a long journey", "The music was ___ loud", "They gave us ___ helpful advice", "She sang ___ beautifully", "We had ___ nice weather". — Javob: such · so · such · so · such. (long journey such; loud [otsiz] so; helpful advice such; beautifully [ravish] so; nice weather such.)

3.3. so… that / such… that — natija

so/such + that = sabab-natija ("shunchalik … ki, …"):

so + sifat + that:   I was so tired that I fell asleep.   — Shunchalik charchadim-ki, uxlab qoldim.
such + a + sifat + ot + that: It was such a good film that I watched it twice. — Shunday zo'r film edi-ki, ikki marta ko'rdim.

The box was so heavy that I couldn't lift it.    — Quti shunchalik og'ir ediki, ko'tara olmadim.
It was such a hot day that we stayed inside.       — Shunday issiq kun ediki, ichkarida qoldik.

She spoke so quietly that no one could hear her.   — Shunchalik sekin gapirdiki, hech kim eshitolmadi. (so + RAVISH + that)
There were so many people that we couldn't find a seat. — Shunchalik ko'p odam bor ediki, joy topolmadik. (so + many + OT + that)
I had so much work that I stayed until midnight.   — Shunchalik ko'p ishim bor ediki, yarim tungacha qoldim. (so + much + OT + that)

that tushirib qoldirilishi mumkin (so'zlashuv): "I was so tired I fell asleep."

Struktura eslatmasi: natija gapida ham asosiy qoida saqlanadi — so + sifat/ravish/miqdor (so tired, so quietly, so many people), such + (a) + sifat + ot (such a good film). Ya'ni "such many people that…" () "so many people that…" (), chunki many dan keyin miqdor keladi, bu so ning ishi.

3.4. too + sifat ("haddan tashqari" — salbiy!)

too + sifat = "ortiqcha, kerakdan ko'p" (yomon ma'no — qila olmaslik):

too + sifat:  It's too hot.            — Juda issiq (chiday bo'lmaydigan darajada).
too + sifat + to + V1:  It's too hot to drink.   — Ichishga juda issiq.
too + sifat + for + odam: It's too difficult for me. — Men uchun juda qiyin.
too + sifat + for + odam + to: It's too high for me to reach. — Men yetadigandan juda baland.

too ≠ very! too = "ortiqcha, yomon" (muammo bor): "too hot" = ichib bo'lmaydi. very = "juda" (neytral): "very hot" = issiq, lekin OK. "I'm too tired" (ish qila olmayman) ≠ "I'm very tired" (charchaganman, lekin OK).

very vs so vs too — uchtasini farqlang (o'zbeklar ko'p chalkashtiradi):

text

very  = "juda" — NEYTRAL, oddiy kuchaytirish:   This coffee is very hot. (issiq, lekin ichsa bo'ladi)
so    = "shunchalik" — HISSIYOTLI kuchaytirish (ko'pincha natija bilan): This coffee is so hot (that I can't hold the cup)!
too   = "haddan tashqari" — SALBIY, ortiqcha (muammo/imkonsizlik): This coffee is too hot (to drink). (ichib bo'lmaydi)

Uchalasi ham "issiq" darajasini oshiradi, lekin ohang boshqa: very — quruq fakt; so — his/urg'u ("voy, juda-ya!"); too — shikoyat/imkonsizlik. Shuning uchun maqtovda hech qachon too ishlatilmaydi: "The film was too good!" ( maqtov ma'noda) "The film was so/very good!" ().

3.5. enough — "yetarli" (sifatdan KEYIN, otdan OLDIN)

enough o'rni — sifat/ravishdan keyin, otdan oldin:

sifat + enough:  He's tall enough.        — U yetarli baland.
                 not + sifat + enough: She isn't old enough. — U yetarli katta emas.
enough + ot:     I have enough money.      — Yetarli pulim bor.
... enough + to + V1: old enough to vote / enough money to buy it

Are you warm enough?                    — Yetarlicha issiqmisiz?
We don't have enough time to finish.     — Tugatishga yetarli vaqtimiz yo'q.
He's experienced enough to lead.          — Rahbarlik qilishga yetarli tajribali.

enough o'rni (ENG KO'P XATO): sifat/ravish + enough (tall enough); enough + ot (enough money). Sababi — enough sifat/ravishni orqadan aniqlaydi, otni esa oldindan. "enough tall" () "tall enough" (); "money enough" () "enough money" (). Ot bilan qo'shimcha: enough time, enough chairs, enough experience.

Mini-tekshiruv (enough qayerga?): "He isn't ___ (old / enough) to drive", "We don't have ___ (enough / chairs)", "Is the water ___ (warm / enough)?", "She has ___ (enough / experience) for the job". — Javob: old enough · enough chairs · warm enough · enough experience. (sifat oldin bo'lsa enough KEYIN; ot bo'lsa enough OLDIN.)

3.6. too vs enough — qarama-qarshi

too + sifat = ortiqcha (salbiy):  It's too small. (kichik — sig'maydi)
(not) + sifat + enough = yetarli emas:  It's not big enough. (katta emas — sig'maydi)

"too small" = "not big enough" (bir xil vaziyat, ikki yo'l). too — ortiqlik; enough — yetarlilik.

3.7. so/too + much / many / little / few

"Ko'p" (much/many) va "kam/oz" (little/few) — sanalmaydigan yoki sanaladiganligiga qarab tanlanadi:

so much/too much + sanalmaydigan: so much work, too much sugar
so many/too many + sanaladigan: so many people, too many mistakes
so little/too little + sanalmaydigan: so little time, too little sleep
so few/too few + sanaladigan: so few friends, too few options

There's too much noise. — Juda ko'p shovqin. (sanalmaydigan)
There are too many cars. — Juda ko'p mashina. (sanaladigan)
I have so little time that I can't rest. — Shunchalik kam vaqtim borki, dam ololmayman. (sanalmaydigan)
There were so few chairs that some people stood. — Shunchalik kam stul bordiki, ba'zilar tik turdi. (sanaladigan)

Juftlarni yodda tuting: much little (sanalmaydigan: work, time, money), many few (sanaladigan: people, cars, mistakes). so/too much sugar () — so/too many sugar (); so/too few people () — so/too little people ().

Mini-tekshiruv (much/many/little/few?): "We have too ___ information", "There are too ___ mistakes", "I have so ___ money that I can't pay", "So ___ people came that the room was empty". — Javob: much · many · little · few. (information — sanalmaydigan; mistakes — sanaladigan; money — sanalmaydigan "kam"; people — sanaladigan "kam".)

4. Misollar (so'z bo'yicha)

so: I'm so happy! / It was so cold.
such: It's such a shame. / They were such good friends.
so...that: She spoke so quietly that I couldn't hear.
such...that: It was such a long film that I fell asleep.
too: This is too expensive. / I'm too busy to talk.
enough: Is it good enough? / We have enough chairs.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

so /səʊ/ "sou"   such /sʌtʃ/ "sach"   too /tuː/ "tu:"
enough /ɪˈnʌf/ "inAF" (urg'u 2-bo'g'in, -gh = /f/!)
"so tired that"  "sou-tayəd-ðət"   "too hot to"  "tu:-hot-tə"

Native siri: enough — talaffuzi "i-NAF" (gh = /f/, urg'u oxirda — ko'p xato qilinadi). so ta'kidda cho'ziladi: "It was sooo good!". too = "tu:".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "It was so good. Such a nice day. Too hot to drink. Good enough." ni ayting; enough = "inAF". So'ng onlayn talaffuz bazasida "so good" va "good enough" iboralarini qidirib, native talaffuzni tinglang va ustidan takrorlang.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• That's such a shame. — "Juda afsus."
• I'm too tired to think. — "O'ylaydigan holatda emasman."
• It's not good enough. — "Bu yetarli emas."
• so far so good — "hozircha yaxshi."
• Enough is enough! — "Yetar endi!"
• Better safe than sorry. — (enough emas, lekin foydali ibora).

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — restoran (so/such/too/enough):

A: How was the restaurant? — Restoran qanday edi?
B: Honestly, it was such a disappointment. — Rostini aytsam, shunday hafsala pir bo'ldi.
A: Really? Why? — Rostdanmi? Nega?
B: It was so crowded that we waited an hour for a table. — Shunchalik gavjum ediki, stol uchun bir soat kutdik.
A: An hour? That's too long! — Bir soat? Bu juda uzoq!
B: And the food wasn't good enough for the price. — Va ovqat narxiga yarasha yaxshi emasdi.
A: That's such a pity. The reviews were great. — Juda achinarli. Sharhlar zo'r edi.
B: I know. It was too noisy to even have a conversation. — Bilaman. Gaplashishga ham juda shovqinli edi.
A: Well, at least you know now. There are plenty of other places good enough to try. — Mayli, hech bo'lmasa endi bilasan. Sinab ko'rishga arzigulik boshqa joylar yetarli.

O'qish matni — "Almost too late" (so/such/too/enough hikoya):

That morning, I woke up so late that I almost missed my interview. — O'sha tong shunchalik kech turdimki, intervyuni deyarli o'tkazib yubordim.
I was in such a hurry that I forgot my documents at home. — Shunday shoshildimki, hujjatlarimni uyda unutdim.
The traffic was too heavy to drive, so I ran to the metro. — Tirbandlik haydashga juda zich edi, shuning uchun metroga yugurdim.
Luckily, I had just enough time to catch the right train. — Omadimga, to'g'ri poyezdga ulgurishga aynan yetarli vaqtim bor edi.
When I arrived, I was so nervous that my hands were shaking. — Yetib kelganimda, shunchalik hayajonlandimki, qo'llarim titrardi.
But the interviewer was such a kind person that I quickly relaxed. — Lekin suhbatdosh shunday mehribon odam ediki, tez tinchlandim.
In the end, I did well enough to get the job — but I never want a morning like that again! — Oxir-oqibat, ishni olishga yetarli darajada yaxshi o'tdim — lekin bunday tongni boshqa istamayman!

Topshiriq: matnda so, such, too, enough ni belgilang; har biri to'g'ri ishlatilganmi (so+sifat, such+ot, too=ortiqcha, enough o'rni)? So'ng o'z hayotingizdan 5 gap yozing (so…that, such…that, too…to, …enough to).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• so + ot / such + sifat (otsiz): so a good film / such good (otsiz). such a good film (ot bor such); so good (otsiz so).

• too = very (neytral): "The film was too good!" (maqtov ma'noda). "The film was so/very good!" (maqtov so/very; too = ortiqcha/yomon).

• enough o'rni: enough tall / money enough. tall enough (sifatdan keyin); enough money (otdan oldin).

• too + to inkor: It's not too hot to drink (ma'no chalkash). too hot to drink = ichib bo'lmaydi (too o'zi "yomon").

• so much / many aralash: too many sugar / so much mistakes. too much sugar (sanalmaydigan); so many mistakes (sanaladigan).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. so yoki such?

1. It was ___ a beautiful day.
2. The weather was ___ nice.
3. They are ___ kind people.
4. He runs ___ fast.

Mashq 2. too yoki enough?

1. This coffee is ___ hot (to drink).
2. He isn't tall ___ to reach it.
3. We don't have ___ time. (yetarli emas)
4. It's ___ expensive for me.

Mashq 3. so/such...that bilan birlashtiring:

1. The film was good. I watched it twice.  It was ___ that ___ .
2. I was tired. I fell asleep.  I was ___ that ___ .

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: It was so a good film., enough tall, The food was too good! (maqtov), too many sugar, such good (otsiz).

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Shunchalik charchadim-ki, uxlab qoldim. = ___
2. Bu shunday zo'r film edi. = ___
3. Bu kofe ichishga juda issiq. = ___
4. U haydashga yetarli katta emas. = ___
5. Yetarli pulim bor. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — so/such qo'shing:

"good film"  "It was such a good film." / "It was so good."
"nice people"  "They are ___ ."
"hot day"  "It was ___ ."

Drill B — too…to / …enough to:

"hot / drink"  "It's too hot to drink."
"old / drive"  "He's not ___ ."
"tired / go out"  "I'm ___ ."

Drill C — so/such…that (natija):

"I was so ___ that ___ ." "It was such a ___ that ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill B): He's not old enough to drive. I'm too tired to go out. So'ng o'zingiz 5 ta gap (so…that, such…that, too…to, …enough to) tuzing va yuqoridagi model javoblar hamda qoidalar (ot bor such; otsiz so; too = ortiqcha; enough — sifatdan keyin, otdan oldin) yordamida har birini o'zingiz tekshirib chiqing.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. such · 2. so · 3. such · 4. so. Mashq 2: 1. too · 2. enough · 3. enough · 4. too. Mashq 3: 1. so good that I watched it twice (yoki: such a good film that…) · 2. so tired that I fell asleep. Mashq 4: It was such a good film. / tall enough / The food was so/very good! / too much sugar / such good food (yoki: so good — otsiz). Mashq 5: 1. I was so tired that I fell asleep. · 2. It was such a good film. · 3. This coffee is too hot to drink. · 4. He isn't old enough to drive. · 5. I have enough money.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

so + sifat/ravish (otsiz): so tired, so fast
such + (a) + sifat + OT: such a good film, such kind people
so/such ... that (natija): so tired that I slept | such a film that...
too + sifat (ORTIQCHA, salbiy): too hot (to drink) — ≠ very!
sifat + enough (yetarli): old enough | enough + ot: enough money
too ... to V1 | sifat + enough + to V1
too much (sanalmaydigan) / too many (sanaladigan)
 ot bor  such; otsiz  so | enough: sifatdan KEYIN, otdan OLDIN

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. so + sifat (otsiz); such + (a) + sifat + ot.
2. so/such… that — natija.
3. too = ortiqcha/yomon (≠ very!).
4. enough — sifatdan keyin, otdan oldin.
5. too (ortiqlik) not… enough (yetarlisizlik).

Bog'lanish: so/such/too/enough — daraja va natija ifodalashning asosi. Keyingi dars question tags (…, isn't it? …, do you?) — gap oxirida tasdiqlash/savol so'rash (so'zlashuvda juda keng). So'ng embedded questions (B1-25).

Keyingi dars — B1 — 24-dars: Question tags (..., isn't it?). "…shundaymi? …shundaymasmi?" — gap oxiriga qo'shiladigan kichik savol: "It's cold, isn't it? You like it, don't you?"

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (so/such Unit 102; too/enough Unit 105); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (so/such; too/enough); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "'so' and 'such', 'too' and 'enough'".