B1 — 32-dars: Phrasal verbs — kengaytirilgan (separable / inseparable)

B1 — O'RTA · 32-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda phrasal verbs (fe'l + zarra birikmalari) ni chuqurlashtiramiz — turn on, look after, run out of. Bular so'zlashuv inglizchasining yuragi: native nutqda doimiy ishlatiladi, lekin ma'nosi ko'pincha idiomatik (so'zlardan kelib chiqmaydi). Asosiy yangilik — turlari (ajraladi/ajralmaydi).

Can you turn on the light? (Chiroqni yoqib bera olasizmi?) I'll look after the kids. (Bolalarga qarayman.) We've run out of milk. (Sutimiz tugadi.) My car broke down. (Mashinam buzildi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• So'zlashuvda doimiy: native "give up", "find out", "deal with", "get on" ni rasmiy fe'ldan ko'ra ko'proq ishlatadi.
• Tushunish shart: filmlar, suhbat, podkast — phrasal verbsga to'la.
• Tabiiylik: "I quit" o'rniga "I gave up", "discover" o'rniga "find out" — tabiiyroq.

Asosiy tushuncha — fe'l + zarra = yangi ma'no: phrasal verb = fe'l + zarra (up, off, out, on, down…). Zarra fe'lning ma'nosini butunlay o'zgartiradi: give (bermoq) + up = give up (tashlamoq). Ko'pincha idiomatik — so'zma-so'z tarjima ishlamaydi. Eng muhim: ba'zilari ajraladi (turn it on), ba'zilari ajralmaydi (look after them).

O'xshatish: phrasal verb — "fe'l + ziravor": oddiy fe'l (look) ga zarra (after, for, up) qo'shsangiz, butunlay yangi taom (look after = qaramoq, look for = qidirmoq, look up = qidirib topmoq). Bir fe'l, ko'p ma'no — zarra hal qiladi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-20 (phrasal verbs — kirish): get up, turn on, look for. Bugun — turlari + ko'proq.
• B1-22 (preposition + -ing): look forward to + -ing.
• A2-16 (object pronouns): it, them — separable phrasal verbda o'rni muhim.
• Tez mashq: ma'no ayting: give up (?), find out (?), look after (?) (tashlamoq, bilmoq, qaramoq).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Turlari — to'rt xil

1) Intransitive (obyektsiz):  break down, get up, show up, go off
2) Transitive SEPARABLE (ajraladigan):  turn on, pick up, put off
3) Transitive INSEPARABLE (ajralmaydigan):  look after, deal with, get over
4) Three-word (uch so'zli):  look forward to, run out of, get on with

3.2. Intransitive — obyektsiz

Obyekt olmaydi (o'zi to'liq):

My car broke down.            — Mashinam buzildi.
I usually get up at 7.         — Odatda 7 da turaman.
He didn't show up.             — U kelmadi (paydo bo'lmadi).
The alarm went off.            — Signal jiringladi.
Sit down, please.              — O'tiring, iltimos.

3.3. Transitive separable — AJRALADI (eng muhim qoida)

Obyekt oladi va ajralishi mumkin (zarra obyektdan keyin ham, oldin ham):

turn on the light = turn the light on    (ot — ikki joyda ham bo'ladi)

OLMOSH (it/them/him) — DOIM o'RTADA:

 turn it on         turn on it
 pick them up       pick up them
 throw it away      throw away it

Eng muhim qoida: separable phrasal verbda olmosh (it, them, him) doim o'rtada (fe'l + olmosh + zarra). Ot — ikki joyda ham bo'ladi, lekin olmosh — faqat o'rtada. "turn on it" () "turn it on" ().

3.4. Transitive inseparable — AJRALMAYDI

Obyekt oladi, lekin ajralmaydi (zarra doim fe'lga yopishgan):

 look after the children = look after them   (olmosh ham keyinda!)
 look the children after / look them after

I'll deal with it.            — Men buni hal qilaman. (deal with — ajralmaydi)
She got over the illness.      — U kasalligidan tuzaldi.
We came across an old photo.   — Eski rasmga duch keldik.

Inseparable: look after, deal with, get over, come across, run into, look for — zarra hech qachon ajralmaydi (olmosh ham keyinda: look after them).

3.5. Three-word phrasal verbs — uch so'zli (ajralmaydi)

look forward to — intiqlik bilan kutmoq:  I look forward to seeing you.
run out of — tugamoq:  We've run out of milk.
get on with — chiqishmoq (munosabat):  I get on well with my boss.
put up with — chidamoq:  I can't put up with the noise.
catch up with — yetib olmoq:  I need to catch up with my work.
get rid of — qutulmoq:  I want to get rid of this old sofa.

Uch so'zli phrasal verbs ajralmaydi (olmosh oxirda: put up with it). Ko'pincha idiomatik.

3.6. Keng tarqalgan phrasal verbs (zarra bo'yicha)

UP:  give up (tashlamoq), grow up (ulg'aymoq), make up (yarashmoq/to'qimoq), set up (o'rnatmoq)
OFF:  take off (uchmoq/yechmoq), put off (kechiktirmoq), go off (jiringlamoq/buzilmoq), call off (bekor qilmoq)
OUT:  find out (bilmoq), work out (mashq qilmoq/yechmoq), turn out (ma'lum bo'lmoq), sort out (hal qilmoq)
ON:  get on (chiqishmoq/avtobusga chiqmoq), carry on (davom ettirmoq), put on (kiymoq)
DOWN:  break down (buzilmoq), turn down (rad etmoq/pasaytirmoq), let down (umidsizlantirmoq), write down (yozib olmoq)
BACK:  call back (qayta qo'ng'iroq), get back (qaytmoq), pay back (qarz qaytarmoq)

3.7. Ma'no — idiomatik (ko'pincha)

So'zma-so'z EMAS:
  give up ≠ "yuqoriga bermoq"  tashlamoq
  find out ≠ "tashqariga topmoq"  bilib olmoq
  put off ≠ "o'chirib qo'ymoq"  kechiktirmoq

Phrasal verb ma'nosini butun ibora sifatida yodlang (so'zma-so'z emas). Lug'atda phrasal verb alohida beriladi.

3.8. Zarra ma'nosi — yodlash strategiyasi

Phrasal verblarni esda saqlashning eng samarali usuli — zarraning o'z ma'nosini ilg'ash. Bir xil zarra ko'p fe'lda o'xshash "yo'nalish" beradi. Bu ma'nolarni bilsangiz, notanish phrasal verbning ma'nosini ham taxmin qila olasiz.

Strategiya: har bir yangi phrasal verbni yodlaganingizda zarraning shu "asosiy ma'nosi" bilan bog'lang. Masalan, up ko'pincha "oxirigacha, to'liq" degani: drink up = oxirigacha ichmoq. Bu yodlashni ancha tezlashtiradi.

Mini-mashq. Zarra ma'nosidan foydalanib taxmin qiling: "finish up" qanday ma'no beradi? "slow down"-chi?

Javob: finish up = oxirigacha tugatmoq (up = tugatish); slow down = sekinlashmoq (down = kamaytirish).

3.9. Bir fe'l — ko'p phrasal verb (ma'no ko'pligi)

Bitta fe'l turli zarralar bilan butunlay boshqa ma'no beradi. get buning eng yorqin misoli:

Xuddi shu holat take (take off, take up, take after), turn (turn on, turn off, turn up, turn down) va put (put on, put off, put up with) da ham bor. Shuning uchun phrasal verbni butun birikma sifatida yodlang — faqat fe'lning o'ziga qarab ma'noni topib bo'lmaydi.

3.10. So'zma-so'z (literal) va idiomatik ma'no

Ba'zi phrasal verblar ikki xil ishlaydi: so'zma-so'z (harakatni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bildiradi) va idiomatik (ko'chma, yashirin ma'no). Qaysi ma'no ekanini kontekst ko'rsatadi.

Yangi phrasal verbga duch kelganingizda avval so'zma-so'z ma'noni sinab ko'ring; agar jumla mantiqsiz chiqsa, u idiomatik ekan — lug'atdan ko'chma ma'nosini toping.

3.11. Rasmiy sinonim (yozma nutq uchun)

Phrasal verblar so'zlashuvda tabiiy eshitiladi, lekin rasmiy yozuvda (insho, hujjat) ko'pincha bir so'zli rasmiy sinonim afzal ko'riladi. Ikkalasini ham bilgan ma'qul.

IELTS maslahati: og'zaki nutqda (Speaking) phrasal verblar tabiiylik beradi va ballni oshiradi; rasmiy inshoda (Writing Task 2) esa discover, postpone, establish kabi rasmiy sinonimlar mosroq keladi.

4. Misollar (tur bo'yicha)

intransitive: The plane took off. / I woke up late. / Hold on a second.
separable: Turn the TV off. / Turn it off. / Can you pick me up?
inseparable: I'll look after your cat. / How do you deal with stress?
three-word: I'm looking forward to the weekend. / We ran out of time.

Mavzu bo'yicha eng kerakli phrasal verbs (mavzuga guruhlab yodlash oson):

Maslahat: phrasal verblarni mavzuga guruhlab yodlang (ish, munosabat, uy). Miya bog'langan so'zlarni yaxshiroq eslab qoladi — alohida uzuq ro'yxatdan ko'ra samaraliroq.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

Zarra urg'uli (ko'pincha): "turn it OFF", "give UP", "find OUT"
Bog'lanish: "pick it up"  "pi-ki-tap", "turn it on"  "tö:-ni-ton"
"look forward to"  "luk-fo:wəd-tə"

Native siri: phrasal verbda zarra urg'uli ("give UP", "find OUT"). Olmosh bilan bog'lanadi: "pick it up" "piki-tap". Native nutqda phrasal verbs juda tez aytiladi.

Topshiriq (shadowing): "Turn it off. I gave up. We ran out of time. I look forward to it." jumlalarini ovoz chiqarib, native ohangda takrorlang; zarraga urg'u berishga e'tibor bering.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I look forward to it. — "Intiqlik bilan kutaman."
• Hang on / Hold on. — "Bir daqiqa kuting."
• Let's sort it out. — "Hal qilaymiz."
• It turned out fine. — "Yaxshi tugadi."
• I can't put up with it. — "Chiday olmayman."
• Cheer up! — "Xafa bo'lmang!"

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — muammolar (phrasal verbs):

A: Sorry I'm late — my car broke down on the way. — Kechirasan, kechikdim — yo'lda mashinam buzildi.
B: Oh no. Did you sort it out? — Voy. Hal qildingmi?
A: Sort of. I had to call off my morning meeting, though. — Bir nima qildim. Lekin ertalabki yig'ilishimni bekor qilishimga to'g'ri keldi.
B: That's annoying. How do you put up with all this stress? — Achinarli. Bu stressga qanday chidaysan?
A: Honestly, I just deal with one thing at a time. — Rostini aytsam, har gal bitta narsani hal qilaman.
B: Smart. By the way, did you find out what was wrong with the car? — Aqlli. Aytgancha, mashinaga nima bo'lganini bilib oldingmi?
A: The battery had run out. I need to set up a service appointment. — Akkumulyator tugagan ekan. Servisga yozilishim kerak.
B: Let me know if you need a lift. I can always pick you up. — Mashina kerak bo'lsa ayt. Doim olib keta olaman.

O'qish matni — "Don't give up" (phrasal verbs):

When I first started learning English, I almost gave up many times. — Ingliz tilini o'rgana boshlaganimda, ko'p marta deyarli tashlab qo'ydim.
Some days, nothing seemed to work out. — Ba'zi kunlar, hech narsa o'ng kelmadi.
But I carried on, even when I felt like giving up. — Lekin tashlab ketgim kelganda ham davom etdim.
I found out that progress comes slowly, and that's OK. — Bildimki, taraqqiyot sekin keladi va bu normal.
Whenever I ran into a hard word, I wrote it down and looked it up later. — Qiyin so'zga duch kelganimda, uni yozib olardim va keyin qidirib topardim.
Little by little, things started to fall into place. — Asta-sekin, narsalar joyiga tusha boshladi.
Now I look forward to every chance to speak, and I'll never give up again. — Endi gapirish uchun har bir imkonni intiqlik bilan kutaman va boshqa hech qachon tashlamayman.

Topshiriq: matnda har phrasal verbni (give up, work out, carry on, find out…) belgilang; ma'nosini toping; turi (sep/insep/three-word)ni aniqlang. So'ng 6 phrasal verb bilan o'z gaplaringizni yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• separable + olmosh ajratmaslik: turn on it / pick up them. turn it on / pick them up. (olmosh — DOIM o'rtada!). Eng ko'p xato.

• inseparable ni ajratish: look the kids after / deal it with. look after the kids / deal with it. (inseparable — ajralmaydi).

• Zarra noto'g'ri: give off (tashlamoq o'rniga) / find off. give up / find out. (zarra ma'noni belgilaydi).

• So'zma-so'z tarjima: "put off the light" (o'chirmoq ma'noda). turn off the light (o'chirmoq); put off = kechiktirmoq.

• three-word — predlog tushirib: I look forward seeing you. I look forward to seeing you. (look forward to + -ing).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Olmosh bilan to'g'ri tartib (separable):

1. turn on the radio  turn ___ on (it)
2. pick up the kids  pick ___ up (them)
3. throw away the box  throw ___ away (it)

Mashq 2. Zarra qo'shing (up/out/after/off/down):

1. My car broke ___ . (buzildi)
2. Don't give ___ ! (tashlamang)
3. I'll look ___ your dog. (qarayman)
4. Let's put ___ the meeting. (kechiktiramiz)
5. I need to find ___ the truth. (bilmoq)

Mashq 3. Ma'nosini moslang:

1. run out of    a) chidamoq
2. put up with   b) tugamoq
3. look forward to c) chiqishmoq
4. get on with   d) intiqlik bilan kutmoq

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: turn on it, pick up them, look the kids after, I look forward seeing you, deal it with.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Chiroqni yoqib bera olasizmi? = ___
2. Bolalarga qarayman. = ___
3. Sutimiz tugadi. = ___
4. Mashinam buzildi. = ___
5. Uni o'chiring. (telefon) = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — separable (olmosh o'rtada):

"the light / turn on"  "Turn it on." / "Turn the light on."
"the music / turn down"  "Turn ___ ."

Drill B — phrasal verb bilan ayting:

"discover"  "find out"   "tolerate"  "put up with"   "quit"  "give up"

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"I get on well with ___ ." "I'm looking forward to ___ ." "I gave up ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill C): I get on well with my colleagues. I'm looking forward to the weekend. I gave up smoking. So'ng 6 phrasal verb bilan o'zingiz haqingizda gap tuzing va yozib qo'ying.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. turn it on · 2. pick them up · 3. throw it away. Mashq 2: 1. down · 2. up · 3. after · 4. off · 5. out. Mashq 3: 1-b · 2-a · 3-d · 4-c. Mashq 4: turn it on / pick them up / look after the kids / I look forward to seeing you / deal with it. Mashq 5: 1. Can you turn on the light? · 2. I'll look after the children. · 3. We've run out of milk. · 4. My car broke down. · 5. Turn it off.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Phrasal verb = fe'l + zarra (ko'pincha idiomatik): give up, find out, look after
TURLARI:
  intransitive (obyektsiz): break down, get up
  separable (ajraladi): turn on the light = turn the light on
     OLMOSH doim O'RTADA: turn it on (NOT "turn on it")
  inseparable (ajralmaydi): look after them, deal with it
  three-word: look forward to, run out of, put up with (ajralmaydi)
zarra ma'noni belgilaydi: give UP (tashlamoq) ≠ give OUT
 separable+olmosh o'rtada; inseparable ajratma; look forward TO + -ing

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Phrasal verb = fe'l + zarra (idiomatik).
2. Separable + olmosh o'rtada (turn it on).
3. Inseparable — ajralmaydi (look after them).
4. Three-word — ajralmaydi (look forward to).
5. Zarra ma'noni belgilaydi.

Bog'lanish: phrasal verbs — so'zlashuv inglizchasining asosi. Keyingi dars verb/adjective + preposition kollokatsiyalari (good at, depend on, afraid of) — qaysi fe'l/sifat qaysi predlog bilan keladi. Bu — B1 grammatikasining oxirgi grammatik dasi.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 33-dars: Verb + preposition / Adjective + preposition (kollokatsiyalar). "…ga bog'liq (depend on), …dan qo'rqmoq (afraid of), …da zo'r (good at)" — qat'iy fe'l/sifat + predlog birikmalari.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (phrasal verbs, Units 137–145); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (phrasal verbs; separable/inseparable); Cambridge Dictionary (phrasal verbs); British Council LearnEnglish — "Phrasal verbs".