B1 — 16b-dars: Reporting verbs (suggest / advise / promise / offer + pattern)

B1 — O'RTA · 16b-dars (reported speech kengaytmasi)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

B1-15,16 da say/tell/ask bilan ko'chirma gapni o'rgandingiz. Bu darsda boshqa reporting fe'llarni (suggest, advise, promise, offer, agree, refuse, admit, remind, warn…) va ularning grammatik naqshlarini (to + V1 / -ing / that / object + to) o'rganasiz. Bu fe'llar gapga aniq ma'no beradi va yozma/og'zaki nutqni boyitadi.

"Let's go." He suggested going. (U borishni taklif qildi.) "I'll help." She offered to help. (U yordam berishni taklif qildi.) "Don't go." He advised me not to go. (U menga bormaslikni maslahat berdi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• say/tell har doim takrorlansa, nutq bir xil va zaif bo'ladi.
• Aniq ma'no: "suggest" (taklif), "warn" (ogohlantirish), "admit" (tan olish) — har biri aniq.
• Yozma: maqola, hisobot, esse — bu fe'llar bilan boy.

Asosiy tushuncha — har fe'l, o'z naqshi: reporting fe'llar ma'no beradi (nima qilindi: tavsiya/va'da/ogohlantirish), lekin har biri ma'lum grammatik naqsh talab qiladi:

• to + V1: promise, offer, agree, refuse, decide
• object + to + V1: advise, tell, remind, warn, encourage
• -ing: suggest, recommend, admit, deny
• that + gap: say, suggest, admit, explain, promise

Naqsh — fe'lga bog'liq (yodlash). Fe'lni naqshi bilan birga yodlang.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-15,16 (reported speech): say/tell/ask + backshift / to + V1. Bugun — boshqa fe'llar.
• B1-22 (gerund/infinitive): verb + to / -ing / object + to — aynan shu naqshlar.
• B1-33b (opinions): suggest, recommend — funksional.
• Tez mashq: naqsh: promise + ? (to), suggest + ? (-ing/that), advise + ? (obj+to).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Naqsh 1: verb + to + V1

Bu fe'llar to + V1 oladi (object'siz):

promise, offer, agree, refuse, decide, threaten, claim

"I'll pay."  He promised to pay.            — U to'lashga va'da berdi.
"I can help."  She offered to help.          — U yordam berishni taklif qildi.
"OK, I'll come."  They agreed to come.        — Ular kelishga rozi bo'ldi.
"No, I won't."  He refused to leave.          — U ketishdan bosh tortdi.

promise/offer/agree/refuse — to + V1 (kim qilishi aniq — gapiruvchining o'zi).

Bu naqshning yana a'zolari: threaten (do'q/tahdid qilmoq), decide (qaror qilmoq), claim (da'vo qilmoq) ham to + V1 oladi — ish-harakatni gapiruvchining o'zi bajaradi:

"I'll call the police!"  He threatened to call the police.  — U politsiyaga qo'ng'iroq qilaman deb do'q qildi.
"I'm leaving."  She decided to leave.                        — U ketishga qaror qildi.
"I know the answer."  He claimed to know the answer.          — U javobni bilishini da'vo qildi.

Inkor shakli: not — to dan oldin qo'yiladi: decided not to wait, promised not to tell, agreed not to argue.

3.2. Naqsh 2: verb + OBJECT + to + V1

Bu fe'llar odam (object) + to + V1 oladi (B1-16 dagi tell/ask kabi):

advise, tell, remind, warn, encourage, persuade, invite, order, ask

"You should rest."  The doctor advised me to rest.   — Shifokor menga dam olishni maslahat berdi.
"Don't forget to call."  She reminded me to call.     — U menga qo'ng'iroq qilishni eslatdi.
"Don't go there!"  He warned us not to go there.       — U bizni u yerga bormaslikka ogohlantirdi.
"Why don't you apply?"  She encouraged me to apply.    — U meni ariza topshirishga undadi.

advise/remind/warn/encourage — odam + to + V1. Inkor: not to + V1 (warned me not to go).

Bu naqshning yana a'zolari: persuade (ko'ndirmoq — natija bilan), invite (taklif qilmoq), order (buyurmoq):

"Please stay."  They persuaded me to stay.        — Ular meni qolishga ko'ndirdi.
"Come with us."  She invited us to join.           — U bizni qo'shilishga taklif qildi.
"Stop now!"  The officer ordered them to stop.      — Ofitser ularga to'xtashni buyurdi.

Diqqat: bu naqshda odam (object) tushib qolmasligi kerak: advised me to rest () — advised to rest (). ask/tell ham shu naqshda: She asked me to wait. / He told us to sit down.

3.3. Naqsh 3: verb + -ing

Bu fe'llar -ing oladi (object'siz, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri):

suggest, recommend, admit, deny, mention, propose

"Let's eat out."  He suggested eating out.        — U tashqarida ovqatlanishni taklif qildi.
"You should try it."  She recommended trying it.   — U sinab ko'rishni tavsiya qildi.
"Yes, I broke it."  He admitted breaking it.        — U sindirganini tan oldi.
"I didn't do it."  She denied doing it.             — U qilmaganini rad etdi.

suggest/recommend — eng ko'p xato: "He suggested to go" () / "He suggested me to go" () "He suggested going" () yoki "He suggested that we go" (). suggest + to YO'Q, object + to YO'Q!

3.4. Naqsh 4: verb + that + gap (clause)

Ko'p fe'llar that + butun gap ham oladi (backshift bilan — B1-15):

say, admit, explain, promise, suggest, recommend, claim, complain, warn

He admitted that he had made a mistake.        — U xato qilganini tan oldi.
She explained that the train was delayed.       — U poyezd kechikkanini tushuntirdi.
He suggested that we (should) leave early.       — U erta ketishimizni taklif qildi.

suggest/recommend + that — ba'zan should yoki "base form" (subjunctive): "suggested that he go". that tushirilishi mumkin.

3.5. Naqsh 5: verb + preposition + (object) + -ing

Ba'zi fe'llar predlog + -ing oladi:

apologize for + -ing:  He apologized for being late.
insist on + -ing:      She insisted on paying.
accuse (sb) of + -ing: They accused him of cheating.
congratulate (sb) on:  She congratulated me on passing.
blame (sb) for:        He blamed me for the mistake.
thank (sb) for + -ing: I thanked her for helping.

Ikki turni ajrating:

• Odamsiz: apologize for + -ing, insist on + -ing — object kerak emas: He apologized for being late. / She insisted on paying.
• Odam + predlog: accuse sb of + -ing, blame sb for + -ing, congratulate sb on + -ing, thank sb for + -ing — avval odam, keyin predlog, keyin -ing: They accused him of cheating. / She congratulated me on passing.

Predlogdan keyin doim -ing (to EMAS): accused of doing (), accused of to do (). Predlogni fe'l bilan birga yodlang — apologize FOR, insist ON, accuse OF, congratulate ON, blame FOR.

3.6. Naqsh jadvali (yodlash uchun)

3.7. Ma'no — to'g'ri fe'lni tanlash

"Let's..."  suggest/recommend (taklif)
"I'll..."  promise/offer (va'da/taklif)
"You should..."  advise/recommend (maslahat)
"Don't..."  warn/advise...not to (ogohlantirish)
"Yes/OK"  agree (rozilik) | "No"  refuse (rad)
"It was me."  admit (tan olish) | "It wasn't me."  deny (inkor)

3.8. Ma'no aniqroq: nega say/tell yetmaydi

Reporting fe'l shunchaki "gapirdi" demaydi — u gap qanday aytilganini bildiradi. Shu sabab say/tell o'rniga aniq fe'l tanlash jumlaga qo'shimcha ma'no yuklaydi. Bir voqea, lekin fe'lga qarab niyat o'zgaradi:

He said he would pay.        — shunchaki aytdi (neytral).
He promised to pay.          — VA'DA berdi (majburiyat oldi).
He offered to pay.           — o'z xohishi bilan TAKLIF qildi.
He agreed to pay.            — ROZI bo'ldi (avval so'ralgan).
He refused to pay.           — RAD etdi.
He threatened to sue.        — DO'Q qildi (tahdid).

Beshta fe'l — beshta har xil ma'no, ammo hammasi bir voqea haqida. promise ≠ say, suggest ≠ say: aniq fe'l tinglovchiga niyatni ham yetkazadi. Esse, hisobot va rasmiy yozuvda bu ayniqsa qadrlanadi — bitta fe'l butun jumlani aniq qiladi.

3.9. Qolip yodlash strategiyasi

Fe'lni yolg'iz emas, naqshi bilan bitta blok qilib yodlang — "fe'l + naqsh + kalit misol":

1. Guruhlab yodlang. to + V1 guruhini bir tovushdek eslang: promise / offer / agree / refuse / decide + to. -ing guruhi: suggest / admit / deny / recommend + -ing.
2. "Xavfli" fe'lni belgilang. suggest — eng ko'p xato beradigan fe'l. Miyaga "suggest -ing yoki that, hech qachon to" deb muhrlang.
3. Langar jumla tuting. Har naqshga bitta tayanch gap: "She offered to help" (to-guruhi), "He suggested going" (-ing-guruhi), "They advised me to wait" (obj+to guruhi). Shubhalansangiz, langar jumlaga solishtiring.
4. Predlogli fe'lni predlogi bilan ayting. apologize for, insist on, accuse of — predlog fe'lning ajralmas qismidek eslansin.

Tekshirish savoli: yangi reporting fe'l uchrasa, o'zingizga uch savol bering — (1) object kerakmi? (2) to-mi yoki -ing-mi? (3) predlog bormi? Uch javob birga naqshni beradi.

4. Misollar (naqsh bo'yicha)

to V1: He promised to call. / She agreed to wait. / They refused to sign.
obj+to: She advised me to see a doctor. / He warned them not to touch it.
-ing: I suggested taking a break. / He admitted lying. / She denied stealing it.
that: He explained that he was busy. / She mentioned that she'd be late.
prep+-ing: He apologized for forgetting. / She insisted on helping.

Yana misollar (yangi fe'llar bilan):

to V1 (yana): He threatened to leave. / She decided to stay. / They agreed not to argue.
obj+to (yana): They persuaded me to join. / She invited us to dinner. / He ordered them to wait.
obj+prep+-ing: They accused him of lying. / She congratulated me on winning. / He blamed us for the delay.
that (yana): He claimed that he was innocent. / She admitted that she had lied.

Mini-mashq (naqshni toping): quyidagi fe'llarga to'g'ri naqshni (to V1 / -ing / obj + to / prep + -ing) belgilang — refuse, admit, remind, apologize for, decide, deny, warn, insist on. Javob: refuse to V1 · admit -ing · remind obj + to · apologize for prep + -ing · decide to V1 · deny -ing · warn obj + to · insist on prep + -ing.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

suggest /səˈdʒest/ "səjest"   advise /ədˈvaɪz/ "ədvayz" (fe'l, /z/) ≠ advice (ot, /s/)
recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/ "rekəmend"   apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ "əpolojayz"
"offered to"  "ofəd-tə"   "suggested -ing"  "səjestid"

Native siri: advise (fe'l) — "ədVAYZ" (/z/), advice (ot) — "ədVAYS" (/s/) — talaffuz farqi! suggest — "səjEST" (gg = /dʒ/).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "He offered to help. She suggested going. They advised me to wait." jumlalarini ovoz chiqarib takrorlang. Ayniqsa "suggested", "offered to", "advised me to" birikmalaridagi urg'uli bo'g'inga (səjEST, OFəd, ədVAYZD) e'tibor bering.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki) — reporting fe'llar

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• He suggested …ing. (taklif).
• She offered to …. (taklif).
• They advised me to …. (maslahat).
• He admitted …ing. (tan olish).
• I apologized for …ing. (uzr).

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — gap yetkazish (reporting verbs):

A: How did the meeting go? — Yig'ilish qanday o'tdi?
B: Well, the manager suggested changing the deadline. — Menejer muddatni o'zgartirishni taklif qildi.
A: Did everyone agree? — Hamma rozi bo'ldimi?
B: Most people did, but Aziz refused to move it. — Ko'pchilik, lekin Aziz uni ko'chirishdan bosh tortdi.
A: Hmm. What did the manager say? — Hmm. Menejer nima dedi?
B: She advised us to find a compromise and reminded everyone to stay calm. — U bizga murosa topishni maslahat berdi va hammaga xotirjam bo'lishni eslatdi.
A: Sensible. Did Aziz apologize? — Oqilona. Aziz uzr so'radimi?
B: Yes, he admitted overreacting and promised to be more flexible. — Ha, ortiqcha javob berganini tan oldi va moslashuvchanroq bo'lishga va'da berdi.

O'qish matni — "Advice I was given" (reporting verbs):

Over the years, many people have given me advice. — Yillar davomida ko'p odam menga maslahat berdi.
My father always advised me to work hard and stay honest. — Otam doim menga mehnat qilish va halol qolishni maslahat berardi.
A teacher once suggested keeping a journal, and it changed my life. — Bir o'qituvchi kundalik yuritishni taklif qilgandi va bu hayotimni o'zgartirdi.
A friend warned me not to compare myself to others. — Bir do'stim o'zimni boshqalar bilan solishtirmaslikka ogohlantirdi.
When I failed, my mentor encouraged me to try again. — Yiqilganimda, ustozim qayta urinishga undadi.
I once refused to ask for help, and I regret it. — Bir marta yordam so'rashdan bosh tortdim va afsusdaman.
Now I always recommend asking questions — it's how we grow. — Endi doim savol berishni tavsiya qilaman — biz shunday o'samiz.

Topshiriq: matnda har reporting fe'lni (advised, suggested, warned, encouraged…) va uning naqshini (to/-ing/obj+to) belgilang. So'ng birov sizga bergan 5 maslahat/taklif/va'dani turli reporting fe'llar bilan yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• suggest + to / suggest + obj + to: He suggested to go. / He suggested me to go. He suggested going / He suggested that we go. (suggest + -ing/that — to YO'Q!). Eng ko'p xato!

• advise/remind — object tushirib: She advised to rest. She advised me to rest. (advise + odam + to).

• promise/offer + obj + to (ortiqcha): He promised me to come (ba'zan noto'g'ri). He promised to come (promise + to, object'siz odatda).

• admit/deny + to: He admitted to break it (noto'g'ri shaklda). He admitted breaking it. (admit + -ing).

• apologize + -ing (predlogsiz): He apologized being late. He apologized for being late. (apologize for + -ing).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri naqsh (to V1 / -ing / obj + to):

1. He offered ___ (help). 
2. She suggested ___ (go) out.
3. They advised ___ (me / wait).
4. He admitted ___ (break) the window.
5. She reminded ___ (me / call).

Mashq 2. To'g'ri reporting fe'l:

1. "Let's take a break."  He ___ taking a break. (suggest)
2. "I'll definitely come."  She ___ to come. (promise)
3. "Don't touch it!"  He ___ me not to touch it. (warn)
4. "Yes, it was my fault."  He ___ making a mistake. (admit)

Mashq 3. Xatoni to'g'rilang:

1. He suggested to go.
2. She advised to rest.
3. He admitted to break it.
4. He apologized being late.

Mashq 4. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. U borishni taklif qildi. (suggest) = ___
2. U yordam berishni taklif qildi. (offer) = ___
3. U menga bormaslikni maslahat berdi. (advise) = ___
4. U sindirganini tan oldi. (admit) = ___
5. U kechikkani uchun uzr so'radi. = ___

10. Production drill

Drill A — to'g'ri shaklga aylantiring:

"Let's eat out."  "He suggested ___ ."
"I'll help."  "She offered ___ ."
"You should see a doctor."  "He advised ___ ."

Drill B — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"Once, someone advised me to ___ ." "I'd recommend ___ ing to anyone." "I once refused to ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill B): Someone advised me to save money. I'd recommend learning a language to anyone. I once refused to give up. So'ng 5 gap (turli reporting fe'llar + naqsh) tuzing va har birida naqsh to'g'ri qo'llanganini o'zingiz tekshiring: fe'l qaysi naqshni (to / -ing / obj + to / prep + -ing) talab qilishini eslab, jumlangizga solishtiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. to help · 2. going · 3. me to wait · 4. breaking · 5. me to call. Mashq 2: 1. suggested · 2. promised · 3. warned · 4. admitted. Mashq 3: 1. He suggested going. · 2. She advised me to rest. · 3. He admitted breaking it. · 4. He apologized for being late. Mashq 4: 1. He suggested going. · 2. She offered to help. · 3. He advised me not to go. · 4. He admitted breaking it. · 5. He apologized for being late.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Reporting fe'llar — har biri o'z naqshi:
  + to V1: promise, offer, agree, refuse, decide
  + obj + to V1: advise, tell, remind, warn, encourage (inkor: not to V1)
  + -ing: suggest, recommend, admit, deny ( suggest + to YO'Q!)
  + that + gap: explain, mention, admit, suggest (backshift)
  + prep + -ing: apologize FOR, insist ON, accuse OF, congratulate ON
 suggest + -ing/that (NOT "suggest to" / "suggest me to")
 advise/remind + OBJECT + to | admit/deny + -ing | apologize FOR + -ing

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Har reporting fe'l o'z naqshini talab qiladi.
2. promise/offer/agree + to V1.
3. advise/remind/warn + odam + to V1.
4. suggest/recommend/admit + -ing (to EMAS!).
5. apologize for / insist on + -ing.

Bog'lanish: reporting fe'llar — reported speech (B1-15,16) ni boyitadi va gerund/infinitive (B1-22) naqshlari bilan bog'liq. Bu — CEFR auditida topilgan oxirgi B1 bo'shliq. Endi A1-A2-B1 chindan, to'liq, bo'shliqsiz.

Keyingi bosqich — B2 (YUQORI O'RTA). Reporting fe'llar B2 da yanada kengayadi — bu bosqichni mustahkam egallab, keyin B2 ga o'tasiz.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (reporting verbs; verb patterns, Units 32–34, 51–52); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (reporting; verb + object + infinitive/-ing); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Reporting verbs".