B1 — 28-dars: Comparatives/superlatives review + (not) as...as + the more...the more

B1 — O'RTA · 28-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda taqqoslashni chuqurlashtiramiz: comparative/superlative review (A2-10,11), (not) as…as (tenglik), comparative kuchaytirgichlar (much bigger, a bit cheaper), va ilg'or shakllar — the more… the more (qancha…shuncha), bigger and bigger (tobora).

She's as tall as her brother. (U akasidek baland.) This is much more expensive. (Bu ancha qimmatroq.) The more you practise, the better you get. (Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz.) It's getting colder and colder. (Tobora sovuyapti.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Taqqoslash (kundalik): "It's not as cold as yesterday." "This one is far better."
• Daraja: "a bit more", "much less", "the best by far".
• Nutqni boyitish: "the sooner the better", "more and more people" — tabiiy, ifodali nutq.

Asosiy tushuncha — taqqoslashning to'rt usuli:

1. comparative (…roq): bigger, more expensive (A2-10).
2. as…as (…dek, teng): as tall as — bir xil daraja; not as…as — kamroq.
3. kuchaytirgich: much/far/a bit + comparative — farq qancha katta/kichik.
4. the more…the more / …er and …er: o'zaro bog'liq yoki tobora o'zgarish.

Bularning hammasi — ikki narsani o'lchash ning turli yo'llari.

O'xshatish: taqqoslash — "tarozi". comparative — bir tomon og'ir (bigger). as…as — muvozanat (teng). much bigger — ancha og'ir (katta farq). the more…the more — bir-biriga bog'liq ikki palla (biri ko'tarilsa, ikkinchisi ham).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-10 (comparatives): bigger, more expensive, than. Bugun — review + kengaytma.
• A2-11 (superlatives): the biggest, the most. Bugun — review.
• A2-21 (ravishlar): faster, more quickly — ravish taqqoslashi.
• B1-23 (so/such): daraja — bog'liq.
• Tez mashq: comparative ayting: big ?, good ?, expensive ? (bigger, better, more expensive).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Comparative/superlative — qisqa review

KALTA sifat (1 bo'g'in): -er / -est:  big  bigger  biggest
-y bilan tugaydi: -ier / -iest:  happy  happier  happiest
UZUN sifat (2+ bo'g'in): more / most:  expensive  more expensive  most expensive
NOTO'G'RI: goodbetterbest, badworseworst, farfurtherfurthest

comparative + than:  Today is hotter than yesterday.
the + superlative:    This is the best café in town.

3.2. (not) as ... as — tenglik

as + sifat + as = "…dek, …qadar" (teng daraja):

She's as tall as her brother.        — U akasidek baland. (teng)
It's as expensive as the other one.   — Bu boshqasidek qimmat.

not as … as = "…dek emas" (kamroq):

Today isn't as cold as yesterday.     — Bugun kechagidek sovuq emas. (kamroq sovuq)
This phone isn't as good as mine.      — Bu telefon menikidek yaxshi emas.

not as…as = comparative: "A isn't as big as B" = "A is smaller than B" (B kattaroq). Tenglik inkori — "kamroq" degani.

not so…as (rasmiyroq variant): inkorda ikkinchi as o'rniga so ham ishlatiladi — ma'no aynan bir xil: "It isn't so cold as yesterday" = "It isn't as cold as yesterday." Kundalik nutqda not as…as ko'proq uchraydi; not so…as — biroz kitobiy/rasmiy.

as … as + olmosh: ikkinchi tomon olmosh bo'lsa, so'zlashuvda odatda obyekt shakli keladi: "She's as tall as him." Yozma/rasmiy uslubda fe'l qo'shiladi: "as tall as he is." (Yalang'och "as tall as he" — juda rasmiy, deyarli ishlatilmaydi.)

Foydali qoliplar: as … as possible (imkon qadar …): "as soon as possible" (imkon qadar tez). just as … as (aynan …dek, ta'kid): "This one is just as good." (Bu ham xuddi shunday yaxshi.) nearly / almost as … as (deyarli …dek): "nearly as fast as a train."

3.3. as much/many as — miqdor tengligi

as much + sanalmaydigan + as:  I don't have as much time as you.
as many + sanaladigan + as:    She has as many books as me.

3.4. Comparative kuchaytirgichlar — much / far / a bit / slightly

Comparative oldida farqni ko'rsatish:

KATTA farq: much / far / a lot + comparative:
  much bigger, far better, a lot more expensive
  This is much better than that. — Bu undan ancha yaxshi.
KICHIK farq: a bit / a little / slightly + comparative:
  a bit cheaper, a little taller, slightly faster
  It's a bit colder today. — Bugun bir oz sovuqroq.

very + comparative EMAS: "very bigger" () "much bigger" (). Comparative oldida very emas — much/far/a bit.

even + comparative — "yanada, hatto … ham": kutilganidan yoki avvalgisidan ortiqni ta'kidlaydi: "Today is even colder than yesterday." (Bugun kechadan ham sovuqroq.) "The sequel was even better." (Davomi yanada yaxshiroq edi.)

To'liq kuchaytirgichlar ro'yxati (comparative oldida):

• Katta/sezilarli farq: much, far, a lot, a good deal, even + comparative — much cheaper, far worse, a good deal better.
• Kichik farq: a bit, a little, slightly + comparative — a bit warmer, slightly faster.
• Inkor/savol: no + comparative ("aslo …roq emas"): "It's no better." · any + comparative (savolda "…rog'i"): "Is it any cheaper?"

3.5. the more … the more — "qancha … shuncha"

the + comparative …, the + comparative … = "qancha…shuncha" (o'zaro bog'liqlik):

The more you practise, the better you get.    — Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz.
The older I get, the wiser I become.           — Qancha keksaysam, shuncha donoroq bo'laman.
The sooner, the better.                         — Qancha tez bo'lsa, shuncha yaxshi.
The more, the merrier.                          — Qancha ko'p bo'lsa, shuncha qiziq.

Tuzilma: The + comparative + (ega+fe'l), the + comparative + (ega+fe'l). Ikki o'zgarish bir-biriga bog'liq.

3.6. comparative and comparative — "tobora" (…ib boryapti)

-er and -er:  bigger and bigger, hotter and hotter
more and more + sifat:  more and more expensive, more and more difficult

It's getting colder and colder.        — Tobora sovuyapti.
The exams are getting more and more difficult. — Imtihonlar tobora qiyinlashyapti.
More and more people work from home.    — Tobora ko'proq odam uydan ishlaydi.

3.7. less / the least — "kamroq" (more teskarisi)

less + sifat/ot + than:  This is less interesting than that. / I have less time.
the least + sifat:        It's the least expensive option.

3.8. the same as / similar to / different from

the same as:  My phone is the same as yours.
similar to:   This is similar to the old version.
different from:  It's different from what I expected. (BrE: different to)

nozik farq: the same as (than/with emas), similar to (with emas), different from (than/to). Bular — qat'iy predlogli birikmalar, yodlab qo'ying.

3.9. twice / half / three times as … as — nisbat (necha barobar)

as … as dan oldin karrali so'z qo'yilsa, "necha barobar" ma'nosi chiqadi:

twice as … as = ikki barobar:       This car is twice as expensive as mine.
                                     — Bu mashina menikidan ikki barobar qimmat.
half as … as = yarim barobar (kam):  I have half as much time as you.
                                     — Menda sizdan yarim barobar kam vaqt bor.
three times as … as = uch barobar:   Their house is three times as big as ours.
ten times, etc.:                     It's ten times harder than it looks.

O'zbek xatosi — "twice bigger": o'zbekcha "ikki barobar katta"ning ta'sirida "twice bigger" () deyilmaydi. To'g'risi — karrali + as…as yoki karrali + the + ot: "twice as big as" () yoki "twice the size" (). Xuddi shunday: "three times as fast", "half the price".

3.10. prefer A to B — afzal ko'rish (taqqoslashning yana bir turi)

Ikki narsani solishtirib, birini ustun qo'yishni bildiradi. Asosiy nozik nuqta — to, than emas:

prefer + ot + to + ot:          I prefer tea to coffee.   — Choyni qahvadan afzal ko'raman.
prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing:    She prefers walking to driving.
would prefer + to + V1:         I'd prefer to stay in tonight.
would rather + V1 + than + V1:  I'd rather stay in than go out.   (mana bu yerda — than!)

prefer … than EMAS: o'zbekcha "…dan afzal" ta'sirida "prefer tea than coffee" () — noto'g'ri. prefer bilan doim to: "prefer tea to coffee" (). than faqat would rather bilan keladi: "I'd rather walk than drive."

Mini-mashq (javobi bilan): to'g'ri variantni tanlang —

1. This laptop is (twice as expensive / twice more expensive) as that one.
2. I prefer coffee (than / to) tea.
3. Their garden is (three times bigger / three times as big) as ours.

Javoblar: 1. twice as expensive · 2. to · 3. three times as big.

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

as...as: He's as clever as his sister. / It's not as hard as it looks.
kuchaytirgich: This is much better. / It's a bit more expensive. / far worse.
even: It's even colder today. / The film was even better than the book.
the more...: The harder you work, the luckier you get.
...and...: Prices are getting higher and higher.
nisbat: This is twice as expensive as that. / I have half as much time as you.
prefer: I prefer tea to coffee. / I'd rather walk than drive.
less/same: This is less common. / Mine is the same as hers.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

as ... as  "əz ... əz" (zaif): "as tall as"  "əz-to:l-əz"
than  "ðən" (zaif): "bigger than"  "bigə-ðən"
"much better"  "mach-betə"   "the more...the more"  "ðə-mo:...ðə-mo:"

Native siri: as…as da ikki as zaif "əz". than doim zaif "ðən". "the more the better" — ritmik, urg'u comparative'larda (MORE…BETTER).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "as tall as, much better, the more the better, colder and colder" iboralarini bir necha marta baland ovozda takrorlang — ikkala as ni va than ni zaif ("əz", "ðən") talaffuz qilib, ohangni his qiling.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• the sooner the better — "qancha tez, shuncha yaxshi."
• more or less — "ozmi-ko'pmi, taxminan."
• better and better — "tobora yaxshi."
• as soon as possible (ASAP) — "imkon qadar tez."
• not as bad as I thought — "o'ylaganimdek yomon emas."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — taqqoslash (comparatives):

A: How's the new flat? Is it better than the old one? — Yangi kvartira qanday? Eskisidan yaxshiroqmi?
B: Much better! It's bigger and a lot brighter. — Ancha yaxshi! Kattaroq va ancha yorug'roq.
A: Nice. Is it as central as before? — Zo'r. Avvalgidek markazdami?
B: Not quite — it's a bit further from work. But the rent is lower. — Unchalik emas — ishdan bir oz uzoqroq. Lekin ijarasi arzonroq.
A: That's a good trade-off. Is the area quiet? — Yaxshi kelishuv. Hudud tinchmi?
B: Yes, it's not as noisy as the city centre. The quieter, the better for me! — Ha, shahar markazidek shovqinli emas. Qancha tinch bo'lsa, men uchun shuncha yaxshi!
A: I'm the same. The older I get, the more I value peace. — Men ham shunday. Qancha keksaysam, shuncha tinchlikni qadrlayman.
B: Exactly. Come and visit — it's even nicer in person. — Aynan. Kelib ko'r — jonli yanada chiroyliroq.

O'qish matni — "The more you learn" (taqqoslash — comparatives):

Learning a language is a bit like climbing a mountain. — Til o'rganish biroz tog'ga chiqishga o'xshaydi.
At first, every step feels harder than the last. — Avval, har bir qadam oldingisidan qiyinroq tuyuladi.
But the higher you climb, the more you can see. — Lekin qancha baland chiqsangiz, shuncha ko'p ko'rasiz.
The more words you learn, the easier it becomes to learn new ones. — Qancha ko'p so'z o'rgansangiz, yangilarini o'rganish shuncha osonlashadi.
Progress isn't always as fast as we want. — Taraqqiyot doim biz xohlagandek tez emas.
Some days you feel much better than others. — Ba'zi kunlar boshqalardan ancha yaxshi his qilasiz.
But step by step, you get closer and closer to the top — and the view is worth it. — Lekin qadam-baqadam, cho'qqiga tobora yaqinlashasiz — va manzara arziydi.

Topshiriq: matnda as…as, comparative + than, the more…the more, …er and …er ni belgilang. So'ng o'zingizni o'tmishingiz/boshqa narsalar bilan taqqoslab 6 gap yozing (turli shakllar).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• very + comparative: very better / very more expensive. much better / much more expensive. (comparative much/far, very emas).

• as…than aralash: as tall than him. as tall as him. (as…as; than — comparative bilan).

• more + -er (ikki marta): more bigger / more better. bigger / better. (faqat bittasi — more yoki -er).

• the more…the more tuzilma: More you practise, more you get better. The more you practise, the better you get. (the + comparative ikki marta).

• than o'rniga from/then: bigger from / bigger then. bigger than. (taqqoslash than).

• twice + comparative (nisbat): twice bigger / twice more expensive. twice as big as / twice as expensive as (yoki twice the size / the price). Karrali so'z as…as bilan keladi.

• prefer … than: I prefer tea than coffee. I prefer tea to coffee. (prefer to; faqat would rather than).

• the same than / the same with: the same than mine / the same with mine. the same as mine. (same as; similar to; different from).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. as…as yoki not as…as:

1. She's ___ tall ___ her sister. (teng)
2. Today isn't ___ cold ___ yesterday. (kamroq)
3. I don't have ___ much time ___ you.

Mashq 2. Kuchaytirgich (much / a bit):

1. This is ___ better. (ancha)
2. It's ___ colder today. (bir oz)
3. He's ___ taller than me. (ancha)

Mashq 3. the more…the more bilan to'ldiring:

1. ___ you practise, ___ you get. (more / better)
2. ___ I think about it, ___ I worry. (more / more)

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: very better, as tall than him, more bigger, More you practise, better you get, bigger from me.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. U akasidek baland. = ___
2. Bu ancha qimmatroq. = ___
3. Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz. = ___
4. Tobora sovuyapti. = ___
5. Bugun kechagidek sovuq emas. = ___

Mashq 6. Nisbat (twice / half / three times as … as) bilan to'ldiring:

1. Bu sumka $100, u sumka $50.  This bag is ___ as ___ as that one. (twice)
2. Menda 2 soat bor, sizda 4 soat.  I have ___ as ___ time as you. (half)
3. Ularning uyi biznikidan 3 barobar katta.  Their house is ___ as ___ as ours.

Mashq 7. to yoki than?

1. I prefer tea ___ coffee.
2. I'd rather walk ___ take the bus.
3. She prefers reading ___ watching TV.

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — taqqoslang:

"A is big, B is bigger."  "B is bigger than A. / A isn't as big as B."
"my phone = your phone"  "My phone is as good as yours."

Drill B — the more…the more:

"The more you ___ , the more you ___ ." (×2 — o'z fikringiz)

Drill C — kuchaytirgich:

"This is much ___ ." "It's a bit ___ ." "It's far ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill B): The more you read, the more you learn. The harder you try, the better you become. So'ng har bir shakldan (as…as, much+comp, the more…, …er and …er) bittadan — jami 5 gap — tuzing va baland ovozda ayting; so'ng yuqoridagi model javoblar bilan solishtirib, o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. as tall as · 2. as cold as · 3. as much time as. Mashq 2: 1. much · 2. a bit · 3. much. Mashq 3: 1. The more / the better · 2. The more / the more. Mashq 4: much better / as tall as him / bigger / The more you practise, the better you get / bigger than me. Mashq 5: 1. She's as tall as her brother. · 2. This is much more expensive. · 3. The more you practise, the better you get. · 4. It's getting colder and colder. · 5. Today isn't as cold as yesterday. Mashq 6: 1. twice as expensive · 2. half as much · 3. three times as big. Mashq 7: 1. to · 2. than · 3. to.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

comparative + than | the + superlative (A2-10,11)
as + sifat + as = teng (…dek): as tall as
not as ... as = kamroq (= comparative): not as good as = worse than
KUCHAYTIRGICH: much/far/a lot (katta farq) | a bit/slightly (kichik farq) + comparative
   very + comparative EMAS  much
the + comparative..., the + comparative... = qancha…shuncha: the more, the better
...er and ...er / more and more = tobora: colder and colder
less...than | the same as | different from

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. as…as (teng); not as…as (kamroq).
2. much/far/a bit + comparative (very EMAS).
3. the more…the more — qancha…shuncha.
4. …er and …er / more and more — tobora.
5. than — taqqoslash (from/then emas).

Bog'lanish: taqqoslash to'liq. Keyingi dars ingliz tilining eng qiyin mavzularidan biri — articles (a/an/the/zero) — ni chuqurlashtiradi. O'zbekda artikl yo'q, shuning uchun bu — eng ko'p xato qilinadigan soha. Keyin quantifiers review.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 29-dars: Articles — chuqur (a/an/the/zero). Qachon a/an, qachon the, qachon artiklsiz — generic, geografik nomlar, qat'iy iboralar bilan.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (comparatives, Units 106–108; as...as Unit 109); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (comparison); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Comparatives and superlatives".