B1 — 16-dars: Reported speech — savol va buyruqlar

B1 — O'RTA · 16-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda gaplarni ko'chirdik. Bu darsda savol va buyruq/iltimosni qanday ko'chirishni o'rganasiz — ularda so'z tartibi va tuzilma o'zgaradi.

"Where do you live?" He asked where I lived. (U qayerda yashashimni so'radi.) "Do you like it?" She asked if I liked it. (U yoqtiramanmi deb so'radi.) "Sit down." He told me to sit down. (U menga o'tirishni aytdi.) "Please help me." She asked me to help her. (U yordam berishimni so'radi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Savol/so'rovni yetkazish: "She asked where the station was." "He asked if I was free."
• Ko'rsatma/iltimos: "The doctor told me to rest." "She asked me to wait."
• Rasmiy/xushmuomala savol (embedded — B1-25 ham): "Could you tell me where…?"

Asosiy tushuncha — savol ko'chirilganda "savol bo'lmay qoladi": to'g'ri savolda so'z tartibi teskari (Do you…? Where do you…?) va savol belgisi (?) bor. Lekin ko'chirilganda u oddiy gap tartibiga o'tadi (ega + fe'l), do/does/did yo'qoladi, savol belgisi ketadi. Buyruq esa to + V1 ga aylanadi (tell/ask + odam + to do).

O'xshatish: to'g'ri savol — "tikilgan, savol shaklidagi" gap. Ko'chirilganda u yotqiziladi — oddiy gap bo'lib qoladi: "Where ARE you?" (tik) "…where I WAS" (yotgan, oddiy tartib). Savol "energiyasi" (inversiya, ?) yo'qoladi, faqat mazmuni qoladi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-15 (reported statements): say/tell, backshift — bugun savol/buyruqda ham.
• A1-16 (so'roq so'zlar): what, where, when, who, why, how — savol ko'chirishda.
• A1-21 (imperatives): Sit down, Don't go — buyruq ko'chirishda (to + V1).
• A2-18 (would like / ask to): ask + to — iltimos ko'chirishda.
• Tez mashq: so'z tartibini o'zgartiring: "Where do you live?" "…where you ___" (live/lived).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Wh- savollar (what/where/when…) — so'z tartibi oddiy gapga

TO'G'RI:    "Where do you live?"  (so'roq so'z + do + ega + fe'l)
REPORTED:   He asked where I lived. (so'roq so'z + EGA + FE'L — oddiy tartib, do YO'Q)

"What are you doing?"   She asked what I was doing.
"Why did you leave?"     He asked why I had left.
"Who is that?"            She asked who that was.

Qadamlar: (1) ask + (odam) + so'roq so'z; (2) do/does/did yo'qoladi; (3) so'z tartibi ega + fe'l (oddiy gap); (4) backshift; (5) ? ketadi.

Diqqat — inversiya ham "ochiladi": am/is/are/was/were va modal (can, will…) to'g'ri savolda egadan oldin turadi (Where are you? Who is she?). Ko'chirilganda ular egadan keyinga o'tadi: …where I was, …who she was. Ya'ni faqat do/does/did emas, har qanday savol inversiyasi oddiy tartibga qaytadi.

Backshift esdan chiqmasin (B1-15 bilan bog'liq): so'z tartibi to'g'rilangach, fe'l ham bir zamon orqaga suriladi: live lived, is was, did had done, will would, can could. Ikkalasi birga ishlaydi: "Where do you live?" (tartib: where you live) (backshift: lived) He asked where I lived.

Mini-mashq (Wh-): ko'chiring — 1) "What do you want?" 2) "Where did he go?" Javob: 1) She asked what I wanted. 2) He asked where he had gone. (so'roq so'z + ega + fe'l; do/did yo'q)

3.2. Yes/No savollar — if / whether

So'roq so'z yo'q (Do…? Are…? Can…?) bo'lsa, if yoki whether qo'shiladi:

TO'G'RI:    "Do you like it?"
REPORTED:   She asked if I liked it. (if + ega + fe'l)

"Are you ready?"       He asked if I was ready.
"Can you swim?"         She asked whether I could swim.
"Have you finished?"    He asked if I had finished.

if = whether (ikkalasi to'g'ri). So'roq so'z yo'q savolda if/whether majburiy. So'z tartibi yana ega + fe'l.

Nima uchun if/whether kerak: yes/no savolda so'roq so'z (what, where…) yo'q — gapni bog'laydigan biror so'z kerak. Shu bo'shliqni if/whether to'ldiradi: "Are you ready?" da bog'lovchi yo'q, shuning uchun He asked if I was ready. Tashlab yuborsangiz — xato: He asked I was ready .

whether qachon afzalroq: (1) …or not bilan: He asked whether or not I agreed. (2) rasmiy/yozma uslubda: whether ko'proq uchraydi. Kundalik nutqda if keng tarqalgan — ikkalasi ham to'g'ri.

Mini-mashq (Yes/No): ko'chiring — 1) "Are you tired?" 2) "Can he drive?" Javob: 1) She asked if I was tired. 2) He asked whether he could drive. (if/whether + ega + fe'l)

3.3. ask + odam (ixtiyoriy) — savolda

He asked (me) where I lived.       — (me) ixtiyoriy.
She asked (him) if he was busy.

ask — odam qo'shilishi mumkin (ask me/him), lekin majburiy emas (say kabi emas).

3.4. Buyruq va iltimos — tell/ask + odam + to + V1

BUYRUQ:   "Sit down."  He told me to sit down.        (tell + odam + to + V1)
ILTIMOS:  "Please wait."  She asked me to wait.        (ask + odam + to + V1)
INKOR:    "Don't touch it."  He told me not to touch it. (not + to + V1)

"Be quiet!"           The teacher told us to be quiet.
"Could you help me?"   She asked me to help her.
"Don't be late."       He told me not to be late.

Naqsh: tell/ask + odam + to + V1 (inkor: not to + V1). tell — buyruq (kuchli); ask — iltimos (xushmuomala). Backshift yo'q (to-infinitive — zamonsiz).

"odam" majburiy: buyruq/iltimosda todan oldin kimga aytilgani ko'rsatilishi shart: He told me to sit. She asked him to wait. "He told to sit" — odam tushib qolgan. (Bu — savoldagi ask (me) dan farq qiladi, u yerda odam ixtiyoriy.)

"ask" ikki xil ishlaydi — chalkashtirmang:

• ask + (odam) + if/so'roq so'z = SAVOL yetkazish: She asked if I was ready. He asked where I lived. (ma'no: "so'radi, savol berdi").
• ask + odam + to + V1 = ILTIMOS yetkazish: She asked me to wait. He asked me to help. (ma'no: "iltimos qildi, …shni so'radi"). Farqni tez ajratish: to bo'lsa iltimos; if / where / why… bo'lsa savol. Solishtiring: She asked if I helped (yordam berdimmi — savol) ≠ She asked me to help (yordam berishimni — iltimos).

Mini-mashq (buyruq/iltimos): ko'chiring — 1) "Call me." 2) "Don't wait." Javob: 1) She told me to call her. 2) He told me not to wait. (tell/ask + odam + to/not to + V1)

3.5. Reporting fe'llari — say/tell dan tashqari

SAVOL uchun:  ask, wonder, want to know, enquire
  She wanted to know if I was coming.
BUYRUQ/ILTIMOS uchun:  tell, ask, order, warn, advise, remind, beg
  He warned me not to go there.    The doctor advised me to rest.
  She reminded me to call her.      He ordered them to leave.

Bu fe'llar gapga aniqroq ma'no beradi (warn — ogohlantiradi, advise — maslahat, remind — eslatadi). Hammasi + odam + to + V1 tuzilmasida.

Taklif yetkazish: invite + odam + to: She invited me to join. (Taklif qildi.) offer + to (o'zi bajaradi, odam qo'shilmaydi): He offered to help. (Yordamini taklif qildi.) He offered me to help — offerda todan oldin odam qo'yilmaydi.

suggest bu naqshga TUSHMAYDI (o'zbeklar ko'p adashadi): He suggested me to go . To'g'risi: He suggested going yoki He suggested that I go. Ya'ni suggest + to + V1 yo'q. (Ilg'or nuqta — hozircha shuni bilib qo'ying.)

3.6. Savol ko'chirilganda — eng ko'p uchta xato

 He asked where did I live.     (do/did qolib ketgan)
 He asked where I lived.
 She asked do I like it.         (so'z tartibi savol bo'lib qolgan)
 She asked if I liked it.
 He asked me where I live?       (savol belgisi)
 He asked me where I lived.      (nuqta, ? yo'q)

Nega o'zbek uchun aynan shu qiyin: o'zbekchada "u qayerda yashashimni so'radi" — bu yerda savol shakli umuman o'zgarmaydi, so'roq ohangi ham yo'q. Shuning uchun miya inglizchada ham savol shaklini (where did…) saqlab qolishga intiladi. Inglizchada esa savol ko'chirilganda shakli o'zgaradi: inversiya yo'qoladi, do/does/did tushadi, ? ketadi. Yodda tuting: ko'chirilgan savol — savol emas, oddiy gap. Shuning uchun He asked where did I live — o'zbekcha mantiqning ko'chirilishi, ammo inglizcha xato.

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

Wh- savol:

"How old are you?"     She asked how old I was.
"Where have you been?"  He asked where I had been.

Yes/No savol:

"Do you work here?"     She asked if I worked there.
"Will you come?"         He asked whether I would come.

Buyruq/iltimos:

"Open the window."      He told me to open the window.
"Please don't tell anyone."  She asked me not to tell anyone.
"Remember to lock up."   He reminded me to lock up.
"Don't drive fast."      The police officer warned us not to drive fast.
"You should see a doctor."  She advised me to see a doctor.

Mini-mashq (aralash — savolmi yoki buyruqmi, farqlang):

1. "Where is the bank?" He asked ___ . 2) "Wait here." She told me ___ . 3) "Is it far?" He asked ___ . Javob: 1) where the bank was. 2) to wait there. 3) if it was far. — savolda ega + fe'l (+ if), buyruqda to + V1.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

asked /ɑːskt/ "a:skt" (oxiri -kt!)   if /ɪf/ "if"   whether /ˈweðə/ "weðə"
"He asked if I"  "hi-a:skt-if-ay"
"told me to"  "tould-mi-tə" (to  zaif "tə")

Native siri: asked — oxiri "-skt" (qiyin tovush klasteri): "a:skt". to buyruqda zaif "tə": "told me to wait" "tould-mi-tə-weyt".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "He asked where I lived. She asked if I was ready. He told me to wait." ni ayting; asked = "a:skt". "asked if I" va "told me to" birikmalarini bo'g'inlarni bog'lab, bir nafasda ayting — bu native ohangni beradi.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• She asked if I… / He asked where/why… — savol yetkazish.
• He told me to… / She asked me to… — buyruq/iltimos.
• The doctor advised me to… — "Shifokor …ni maslahat berdi."
• He reminded me to… — "U …ni eslatdi."
• I was told to… — "Menga …aytildi." (passive).

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — intervyu yetkazish (reported questions):

A: How was the job interview? What did they ask?     — Intervyu qanday o'tdi? Nima so'rashdi?
B: First, they asked why I wanted the job. — Avval, nega bu ishni xohlashimni so'rashdi.
A: Standard. What else?                               — Oddiy. Yana nima?
B: They asked if I had any experience with React. — React bilan tajribam bor-yo'qligini so'rashdi.
A: And did they ask about your salary?               — Maosh haqida so'rashdimi?
B: Yes, they asked how much I expected to earn. — Ha, qancha maosh kutishimni so'rashdi.
A: Did they give you any tasks?                      — Topshiriq berishdimi?
B: They told me to solve a coding problem. Then they asked me to explain my solution. — Kod muammosini yechishni aytishdi. Keyin yechimimni tushuntirishimni so'rashdi.
A: Sounds tough. What did they say at the end?       — Qiyin ekan. Oxirida nima deyishdi?
B: They told me not to worry and said they'd call soon. — Tashvishlanmaslikni aytishdi va tez orada qo'ng'iroq qilishlarini aytishdi.

O'qish matni — "The lost tourist" (hikoya — reported):

A lost tourist stopped me yesterday and asked where the train station was. — Kecha adashgan sayyoh meni to'xtatib, poyezd bekati qayerdaligini so'radi.
I asked him if he had a map, but he said he had lost it. — Undan xaritasi bor-yo'qligini so'radim, lekin uni yo'qotganini aytdi.
He wanted to know how long it would take to walk there. — U u yergacha piyoda qancha vaqt ketishini bilmoqchi edi.
I told him to follow the main road and turn left at the bank. — Unga asosiy yo'ldan borib, bank oldida chapga burilishni aytdim.
He asked me to repeat the directions, so I said them again slowly. — U yo'l-yo'riqni takrorlashimni so'radi, shuning uchun ularni yana sekin aytdim.
Before he left, he thanked me and asked if there was a café nearby. — Ketishidan oldin, u menga rahmat aytdi va yaqin atrofda kafe bor-yo'qligini so'radi.
I told him not to miss the little one by the station — it has the best coffee in town! — Unga bekat yonidagi kichkinasini o'tkazib yubormaslikni aytdim — shaharning eng zo'r kofesi!

Topshiriq: matnda reported savollar (asked where/if/how…) va buyruq/iltimoslar (told him to…, asked me to…) ni ajrating. So'ng kimdir sizdan so'ragan savollar va bergan ko'rsatmalarni (5-6) reported speech bilan yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Savol so'z tartibi/do qolib ketishi: He asked where did I live. She asked do I like it. He asked where I lived. She asked if I liked it. (oddiy tartib, do yo'q).

• Yes/No savolda if/whether yo'q: She asked I was ready. She asked if I was ready. (yes/no if/whether).

• Savol belgisi: He asked where I lived? He asked where I lived. (nuqta — savol emas).

• Buyruqda to yo'q / that ishlatish: He told me that sit down. / He said me to sit. He told me to sit down. (tell + odam + to + V1).

• Inkor buyruq: He told me to don't go. He told me not to go. (not + to + V1).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Wh- savolni ko'chiring:

1. "Where do you work?"  She asked ___ .
2. "What are you doing?"  He asked ___ .
3. "Why did you call?"  She asked ___ .

Mashq 2. Yes/No savolni ko'chiring (if/whether):

1. "Do you like coffee?"  He asked ___ .
2. "Are you busy?"  She asked ___ .
3. "Have you finished?"  He asked ___ .

Mashq 3. Buyruq/iltimosni ko'chiring (to + V1):

1. "Sit down."  He told me ___ .
2. "Please wait."  She asked me ___ .
3. "Don't be late."  He told me ___ .
4. "Remember to call."  She reminded me ___ .

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: He asked where did I live., She asked do I like it., He asked where I live?, He told me that sit down., She told me to don't worry.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga (reported):

1. U qayerda yashashimni so'radi. = ___
2. U yoqtiramanmi deb so'radi. = ___
3. U menga kutishni aytdi. = ___
4. U menga kechikmaslikni aytdi. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — savol reported:

"Where are you from?"  "She asked where I was from."
"Do you speak English?"  "He asked ___ ."
"What time is it?"  "She asked ___ ."

Drill B — buyruq/iltimos reported:

"Close the door."  "He told me to close the door."
"Please be quiet."  "She asked me ___ ."
"Don't forget."  "He told me ___ ."

Drill C — kimdir so'ragan/aytganini yetkazing: Bugun kimdir bergan savol/ko'rsatma (3-4) ni reported speech bilan ayting.

Model javoblar (Drill A): He asked if I spoke English. She asked what time it was. So'ng sizdan so'ralgan savol va bergan buyruqlarni (5) reported speech bilan ayting va model naqshlar bilan solishtirib, o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. where I worked · 2. what I was doing · 3. why I had called. Mashq 2: 1. if I liked coffee · 2. if I was busy · 3. if I had finished. Mashq 3: 1. to sit down · 2. to wait · 3. not to be late · 4. to call. Mashq 4: He asked where I lived. / She asked if I liked it. / He asked where I lived. / He told me to sit down. / She told me not to worry. Mashq 5: 1. He asked where I lived. · 2. He asked if I liked it. · 3. He told me to wait. · 4. He told me not to be late.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Reported questions & commands:
  Wh- savol: ask + so'roq so'z + EGA + FE'L (do YO'Q, ? YO'Q): He asked where I lived.
  Yes/No savol: ask + IF/WHETHER + ega + fe'l: She asked if I liked it.
  Buyruq: tell + odam + TO + V1: He told me to sit down.
  Iltimos: ask + odam + TO + V1: She asked me to wait.
  Inkor: ... NOT TO + V1: He told me not to go.
  reporting fe'llar: ask/wonder (savol); tell/ask/warn/advise/remind/order (buyruq)
   savol  oddiy so'z tartibi, do/does/did yo'q, ? yo'q

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Wh- savol ask + so'roq so'z + ega + fe'l (do yo'q, ? yo'q).
2. Yes/No savol if/whether.
3. Buyruq/iltimos tell/ask + odam + to + V1.
4. Inkor not to + V1.
5. Savol ko'chirilganda oddiy gap tartibiga o'tadi.

Bog'lanish: reported speech bloki to'liq (gaplar + savollar + buyruqlar). Bu — Past Perfect (B1-7) ning amaliy cho'qqisi. Keyingi dars yangi blok — modal fe'llar ni chuqurlashtiradi: modals of deduction (must be / can't be / might be) — biror narsani xulosa/ehtimol bilan aytish.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 17-dars: Modals of deduction (must be / can't be / might be). "U charchagan bo'lsa kerak" (must be tired), "Bu rost bo'lishi mumkin emas" (can't be true), "U uyda bo'lishi mumkin" (might be home) — ishonchli xulosa va ehtimol.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (reported questions, Unit 49; reporting orders/requests Unit 50); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (reported questions and commands); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Reported speech: questions".