B1 — 13-dars: Passive voice — Present & Past Simple (majhul nisbat)

B1 — O'RTA · 13-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda majhul nisbat (passive voice) ni o'rganasiz — gapni harakatni kim qilganiga emas, harakatning o'ziga / obyektga qaratish. Tuzilma: be + V3 (past participle).

Cars are made in Japan. (Mashinalar Yaponiyada ishlab chiqariladi.) This house was built in 1990. (Bu uy 1990 da qurilgan.) English is spoken all over the world. (Ingliz tilida butun dunyoda gaplashiladi.) My bike was stolen yesterday. (Velosipedimni kecha o'g'irlashdi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Rasmiy/ilmiy/yangiliklar: "The results will be announced soon." "A new bridge is being built." — rasmiy yozuvda passive ko'p.
• Bajaruvchi noma'lum/muhim emas: "My car was stolen" (kim — noma'lum). "The shop is closed" (kim yopdi — muhim emas).
• Dasturchi/texnik: "The function is called when…", "The data is stored in…" — texnik hujjatda passive doimiy.

Asosiy tushuncha — "kim qildi" emas, "nima qilindi": active (aniq nisbat) — bajaruvchiga urg'u: "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet." (kim yozdi — Shakespeare). Passive (majhul) — obyektga/harakatga urg'u: "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare." (nima — Hamlet). Passive'da obyekt ega bo'lib oldinga chiqadi, bajaruvchi esa yo'qoladi yoki by bilan oxirda qoladi.

O'xshatish: active — "kim kek pishirdi?" (oshpazga qaraymiz). passive — "kek pishirildi" (kekka qaraymiz, oshpaz muhim emas). O'zbekcha buni yaxshi bilasiz: "kek pishirildi", "uy qurildi", "xat yozildi" — -il-/-in- qo'shimchasi. Inglizcha buni be + V3 bilan beradi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-4 (V3): made, built, written, taken, stolen — passive'ning yuragi (be + V3).
• A1-5 / A2-2 (to be): am/is/are, was/were — passive yordamchisi.
• A2-3 (-ed): to'g'ri fe'l V3 = -ed (was cleaned, is used).
• Tez mashq: V3 ayting: make ?, build ?, write ?, steal ?, take ? (made, built, written, stolen, taken).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Active Passive — asosiy aylantirish

ACTIVE:   They make cars in Japan.       (ega=They, obyekt=cars)
PASSIVE:  Cars are made in Japan.          (obyekt=Cars  ega, be+V3)

Qadamlar: (1) active obyekt passive ega; (2) fe'l be + V3 (zamonga mos be); (3) active ega by … (kerak bo'lsa) yoki yo'q.

ACTIVE:  Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
PASSIVE: Hamlet was written (by Shakespeare).

Active Passive — yonma-yon jadval:

Diqqat: har qatorda active obyekti (the office, cars, my bike…) passive'da ega bo'lib oldinga chiqadi; fe'l be + V3 ga aylanadi; be zamonni ko'rsatadi (is/are — hozir, was/were — o'tmish), V3 esa o'zgarmaydi. Ba'zan bajaruvchi (They, Someone) butunlay yo'qoladi — chunki passive'da u muhim emas.

3.2. Present Simple passive — am/is/are + V3

EGA + am/is/are + V3
  English is spoken here.              — Bu yerda ingliz tilida gaplashiladi.
  These products are made in China.    — Bu mahsulotlar Xitoyda ishlab chiqariladi.
  Rice is grown in many countries.      — Guruch ko'p mamlakatda yetishtiriladi.

Inkor / savol:

Inkor: The shop isn't opened on Sundays. / Cars aren't made here.
Savol: Is English spoken here? — Yes, it is. / Are these made locally?

3.3. Past Simple passive — was/were + V3

EGA + was/were + V3
  This house was built in 1990.        — Bu uy 1990 da qurilgan.
  The paintings were stolen last night. — Rasmlar kecha kechqurun o'g'irlandi.
  America was discovered in 1492.       — Amerika 1492 da kashf etilgan.

Inkor / savol:

Inkor: The letter wasn't sent. / They weren't invited.
Savol: Was it built recently? — No, it wasn't. / When was it built?

3.4. Qachon passive ishlatiladi? (4 holat)

1) Bajaruvchi NOMA'LUM:        My car was stolen. (kim — bilmaymiz)
2) Bajaruvchi MUHIM EMAS:       The road is being repaired. (kim — muhim emas)
3) Bajaruvchi AYON:             He was arrested. (politsiya — ayon)
4) UMUMIY/rasmiy bayonot:       Smoking is not allowed here. English is spoken worldwide.

Qoida: bajaruvchi noma'lum, muhim emas, ayon yoki umumiy bo'lganda passive. Asosiy e'tibor harakat/natijada.

3.5. by + agent — bajaruvchini ko'rsatish (kerak bo'lsa)

Bajaruvchi muhim bo'lsa, by bilan qo'shiladi:

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.        — bajaruvchi muhim (kim)
The window was broken by a child.          — bajaruvchi muhim
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo.     — muhim

Diqqat: by + agent faqat kerak bo'lganda. "English is spoken by people" ( — ortiqcha) "English is spoken" (). Bajaruvchi muhim bo'lsa by; aks holda tushirib qoldiring.

3.6. by vs with — bajaruvchi vs vosita

by + bajaruvchi (kim/nima qildi):   The cake was made by my mum.
with + vosita/asbob (nima bilan):    The cake was decorated with chocolate.

by — bajaruvchi (odam/kuch); with — qurol/material (nima bilan/yordamida).

3.7. Ikki obyektli fe'llar (give, send, tell, offer) — ikki passive

give, send, show, offer, tell kabi fe'llarda ikki passive mumkin (odam ega bo'lishi tabiiyroq):

ACTIVE:  They gave me a prize.
PASSIVE: I was given a prize. (tabiiy — odam ega)
   yoki: A prize was given to me.

3.8. Passive'ni HADDAN tashqari ishlatmang!

Passive — kerak bo'lganda foydali, lekin har joyda emas. Bajaruvchi muhim va ma'lum bo'lsa active tabiiyroq:

 active: I made a mistake. (oddiy, aniq)
 ortiqcha passive: A mistake was made by me. (g'aliz)

Qoida: active — sodda, kuchli (kundalik nutq). passive — bajaruvchi noma'lum/muhim emas yoki rasmiy ohang kerak bo'lganda.

3.9. O'timsiz fe'llar passive BO'LMAYDI

Passive faqat obyekt oladigan (o'timli — transitive) fe'llarda yasaladi, chunki passive'da aynan obyekt ega bo'lib oldinga chiqadi. Obyekti yo'q o'timsiz (intransitive) fe'llar — go, come, arrive, happen, die, fall, sleep, cry, rain, exist — passive shaklga ega emas:

 active: The accident happened yesterday.   — Hodisa kecha yuz berdi.
 passive: The accident was happened. ( — "happen" o'timsiz, passive yo'q)

 active: She arrived late.                    — U kech keldi.
 passive: She was arrived. ( — "arrive" o'timsiz)

Tekshirish usuli: fe'ldan keyin "nimani? kimni?" degan obyekt bormi? Bor bo'lsa (build a house, make cars, clean the room) passive mumkin. Yo'q bo'lsa (go, sleep, happen, arrive) passive yo'q. "be born" istisnodek tuyuladi, lekin u aslida bear (tug'moq) fe'lining passive'i — shuning uchun doim was/were born.

Mini-mashq (passive bo'ladimi?): 1) repair · 2) arrive · 3) sell · 4) happen · 5) clean. Javob: 1) ha (obyektli) · 2) yo'q (o'timsiz) · 3) ha · 4) yo'q · 5) ha.

3.10. get passive — norasmiy shakl (kirish)

So'zlashuv ingliz tilida be o'rniga get ham keladi — ayniqsa kutilmagan, yomon yoki to'satdan bo'lgan voqealarda:

My phone got stolen.       — Telefonim o'g'irlanib ketdi. (= was stolen, lekin jonliroq)
He got fired last week.     — U o'tgan hafta ishdan bo'shatildi.
The glass got broken.       — Stakan sinib qoldi.

Diqqat: get + V3 — norasmiy; rasmiy va yozma matnda be + V3 ishlatiladi. To'liq qoidalar keyingi darsda (14-dars). Hozircha shuni bilib qo'ying: bunday gaplarni eshitsangiz, bu ham passive.

3.11. O'zbekcha majhul nisbat bilan solishtirish

O'zbek tilida majhul nisbat fe'lga -il-/-in- qo'shimchasi bilan yasaladi; ingliz tilida esa alohida so'z (be) + V3 kerak. Aynan shu farq eng ko'p xatoga sabab bo'ladi:

yoz-il-di          was written    (bir so'z  ikki so'z: was + written)
qur-il-gan         was built
och-il-adi         is opened
sot-il-adi         is sold
o'g'ir-la-n-di     was stolen

Asosiy farq: o'zbekcha qo'shimcha (-il/-in) fe'l ichida, ingliz esa yordamchi be'ni alohida so'z qilib qo'yadi. Shuning uchun o'zbek o'quvchisi ko'pincha be'ni tushirib qoldiradi (English spoken here ) — ona tilida "alohida yordamchi" tuyg'usi yo'q. Har passive gapdan oldin o'zingizga savol bering: be (am/is/are/was/were) o'z o'rnidami?

4. Misollar (zamon bo'yicha)

Present Simple passive:

The office is cleaned every day.        — Ofis har kuni tozalanadi.
Millions of phones are sold each year.   — Har yili millionlab telefon sotiladi.
This word is not used much.              — Bu so'z ko'p ishlatilmaydi.

Past Simple passive:

The bridge was opened in 2005.          — Ko'prik 2005 da ochilgan.
We were told to wait outside.            — Bizga tashqarida kutish aytildi.
The files weren't saved.                 — Fayllar saqlanmadi.

by + agent bilan (bajaruvchi muhim):

The lamp was invented by Edison.         — Chiroqni Edison ixtiro qilgan.
This song is loved by millions.           — Bu qo'shiqni millionlab odam yaxshi ko'radi.
The city was destroyed by an earthquake.  — Shaharni zilzila vayron qildi.

be born — doim passive (juda muhim chunk):

I was born in Tashkent in 2000.          — Men 2000 yilda Toshkentda tug'ilganman.
Where were you born?                       — Qayerda tug'ilgansiz?
She was born in a small village.           — U kichik qishloqda tug'ilgan.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

is made /ɪz meɪd/ "iz-meyd"   are built /ə bɪlt/ "ə-bilt"
was written /wəz ˈrɪtn/ "wəz-ritn"   were stolen /wə ˈstəʊlən/ "wə-stoulən"
by  zaif /baɪ/  /bə/: "by Shakespeare"  "bay-sheykspiə"

Native siri: passive'da be zaiflashadi, V3 urg'uli: "It was BUILT in 1990". was/were "wəz/wə". -ed talaffuzi A2-3 qoidasi (cleaned /d/, painted /ɪd/).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "It's made in Japan. It was built in 1990. English is spoken here." ni ayting; V3 urg'uli. Youglish: "is made in", "was built in".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I was born in… — "…da tug'ilganman." (doim passive!).
• It is made of/from… — "…dan yasalgan."
• Smoking is not allowed. — "Chekish taqiqlangan."
• It's said to be… — "…deyishadi." (B1-14/B2).
• Made in (Uzbekistan). — "(O'zbekistonda) ishlab chiqarilgan."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — uy haqida (passive):

A: This is a beautiful old house. When was it built? — Bu — chiroyli eski uy. Qachon qurilgan?
B: It was built in 1925, I think. — Menimcha, 1925 da qurilgan.
A: Is it made of stone?                              — Toshdan qilinganmi?
B: Mostly. The roof was replaced a few years ago, though. — Asosan. Lekin tomi bir necha yil oldin almashtirilgan.
A: It's well looked after. Is it cleaned often?       — Yaxshi parvarish qilingan. Tez-tez tozalanadimi?
B: Yes, and the garden is taken care of by a gardener. — Ha, va bog'ga bog'bon qaraydi.
A: Are visitors allowed inside?                       — Mehmonlarga ichkariga ruxsat beriladimi?
B: Only on weekends. Tickets are sold at the door.     — Faqat dam olish kunlari. Chiptalar eshik oldida sotiladi.

O'qish matni — "How chocolate is made" (jarayon — passive):

Chocolate is loved all over the world, but how is it made? — Shokoladni butun dunyo yaxshi ko'radi, lekin u qanday tayyorlanadi?
First, cocoa beans are grown in hot countries near the equator. — Avval, kakao donalari ekvatorga yaqin issiq mamlakatlarda yetishtiriladi.
The beans are harvested, dried, and then sent to factories. — Donalar yig'iladi, quritiladi va keyin zavodlarga jo'natiladi.
At the factory, they are roasted and ground into a paste. — Zavodda ular qovuriladi va maydalangan pastaga aylantiriladi.
Sugar and milk are added, and the mixture is heated for hours. — Shakar va sut qo'shiladi va aralashma soatlab qizdiriladi.
Finally, the chocolate is poured into moulds and cooled. — Nihoyat, shokolad qoliplarga quyiladi va sovutiladi.
The bars are wrapped and shipped to shops around the world. — Plitkalar o'raladi va dunyo bo'ylab do'konlarga jo'natiladi.

Topshiriq: matnda har passive fe'lni (is loved, are grown, are harvested…) belgilang. Nega passive (bajaruvchi muhim emas — jarayonga urg'u)? So'ng biror jarayon (choy/non/ilova qanday yasaladi) ni 5-6 gapda passive bilan yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• be tushirib qoldirish: English spoken here. The house built in 1990. English is spoken here. The house was built in 1990. (be + V3 — be shart!).

• V2 ni V3 o'rniga: It was wrote. The car was stole. It was written. The car was stolen. (passive = be + V3, V2 emas).

• Zamonni be'da emas, V3'da ko'rsatish: It is builded / was builded. zamon be'da: is built / was built (V3 o'zgarmaydi).

• Ortiqcha by + agent: Football is played by people everywhere. Football is played everywhere. (bajaruvchi umumiy by yo'q).

• born — be tushirib: I born in 2000. I was born in 2000. (tug'ilish — doim passive: was/were born).

• Passive o'rniga active: English speaks here. The book sells well in shops. (obyekt harakatni go'yo "o'zi qiladi"). English is spoken here. The book is sold in shops. (obyekt harakatni o'zi bajarmaydi passive: be + V3).

• O'timsiz fe'lni passive qilish: The accident was happened. He was arrived. The accident happened. He arrived. (o'timsiz fe'l passive bo'lmaydi — 3.9-bo'lim).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Active'ni passive'ga aylantiring (Present):

1. They make these shoes in Italy.  These shoes ___ .
2. People speak English here.  English ___ .
3. They don't allow smoking.  Smoking ___ .

Mashq 2. Active'ni passive'ga aylantiring (Past):

1. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.  Hamlet ___ .
2. Someone stole my bike.  My bike ___ .
3. They built the bridge in 2005.  The bridge ___ .

Mashq 3. Passive tuzing (to'g'ri zamon):

1. The room ___ (clean) every morning. (Present)
2. The Mona Lisa ___ (paint) by Leonardo. (Past)
3. These cars ___ (not / make) here. (Present)
4. ___ the letter ___ (send) yesterday? (Past)

Mashq 4. by yoki with?

1. The cake was made ___ my sister.
2. It was decorated ___ fruit.
3. The poem was written ___ a famous poet.

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: English spoken here., The house was build in 1990., It was wrote by him., I born in 2001., Football is played by people everywhere.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Mashinalar Yaponiyada ishlab chiqariladi. = ___
2. Bu uy 1990 da qurilgan. = ___
3. Velosipedimni o'g'irlab ketishdi. = ___
4. Men 2000 yilda tug'ilganman. = ___
5. Chekish taqiqlangan. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — active passive:

"They sell tickets here."  "Tickets are sold here."
"Someone broke the window."  "The window ___ ."
"They built it in 1990."  "It ___ ."

Drill B — jarayon (passive):

"How is (coffee/bread/an app) made?"  "First, ... is/are ___ . Then it is ___ ."

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda (passive):

"I was born in ___ ." "My city is known for ___ ." "This (object) is made of ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): The window was broken. It was built in 1990. So'ng biror jarayonni (qanday narsa yasaladi) 4-5 gap passive bilan yozib, o'zingizni model javoblar bilan solishtiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. are made in Italy · 2. is spoken here · 3. isn't allowed. Mashq 2: 1. was written (by Shakespeare) · 2. was stolen · 3. was built in 2005. Mashq 3: 1. is cleaned · 2. was painted · 3. aren't made · 4. Was ... sent. Mashq 4: 1. by · 2. with · 3. by. Mashq 5: English is spoken here. / The house was built in 1990. / It was written by him. / I was born in 2001. / Football is played everywhere. Mashq 6: 1. Cars are made in Japan. · 2. This house was built in 1990. · 3. My bike was stolen. · 4. I was born in 2000. · 5. Smoking is not allowed.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Passive (majhul) = be + V3 — harakat/obyektga urg'u (kim qildi emas)
  Present: am/is/are + V3 — English is spoken. Cars are made in Japan.
  Past: was/were + V3 — The house was built. My bike was stolen.
  Zamon BE'da ko'rsatiladi (V3 o'zgarmaydi)
  Qachon: bajaruvchi noma'lum / muhim emas / ayon / umumiy
  by + bajaruvchi (kerak bo'lsa): written BY Shakespeare
  by (kim) vs with (vosita/asbob)
  I was born in... (doim passive!)
   be tushib qolmasin; V3 (V2 emas); active'ni ortiqcha passive qilma

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Passive = be + V3; obyekt ega bo'lib oldinga chiqadi.
2. Present (is/are + V3) · Past (was/were + V3).
3. Zamon be'da (V3 o'zgarmaydi).
4. Bajaruvchi noma'lum/muhim emas passive; muhim by.
5. I was born… — doim passive.

Bog'lanish: passive boshlandi — bu rasmiy, texnik, ilmiy til uchun juda muhim. Keyingi dars passive'ni boshqa zamonlarda (Present Continuous, Present Perfect, modal, kelajak) va get-passive (norasmiy) da ko'rsatadi. So'ng reported speech bloki.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 14-dars: Passive — boshqa zamonlar + get passive. "The road is being repaired." "It has been done." "It will be finished." "It must be done." — passive'ni har zamon va modal bilan, hamda got shakli bilan.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (passive, Units 42–44); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (passive voice); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Passive voice".